django/docs/ref/contrib/formtools/form-wizard.txt

===========
Form wizard
===========

.. module:: django.contrib.formtools.wizard.views
    :synopsis: Splits forms across multiple Web pages.

Django comes with an optional "form wizard" application that splits
:doc:`forms </topics/forms/index>` across multiple Web pages. It maintains
state in one of the backends so that the full server-side processing can be
delayed until the submission of the final form.

You might want to use this if you have a lengthy form that would be too
unwieldy for display on a single page. The first page might ask the user for
core information, the second page might ask for less important information,
etc.

The term "wizard", in this context, is `explained on Wikipedia`_.

.. _explained on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_%28software%29

How it works
============

Here's the basic workflow for how a user would use a wizard:

    1. The user visits the first page of the wizard, fills in the form and
       submits it.
    2. The server validates the data. If it's invalid, the form is displayed
       again, with error messages. If it's valid, the server saves the current
       state of the wizard in the backend and redirects to the next step.
    3. Step 1 and 2 repeat, for every subsequent form in the wizard.
    4. Once the user has submitted all the forms and all the data has been
       validated, the wizard processes the data -- saving it to the database,
       sending an email, or whatever the application needs to do.

Usage
=====

This application handles as much machinery for you as possible. Generally,
you just have to do these things:

    1. Define a number of :class:`~django.forms.Form` classes -- one per
       wizard page.

    2. Create a :class:`WizardView` subclass that specifies what to do once
       all of your forms have been submitted and validated. This also lets
       you override some of the wizard's behavior.

    3. Create some templates that render the forms. You can define a single,
       generic template to handle every one of the forms, or you can define a
       specific template for each form.

    4. Add ``django.contrib.formtools.wizard`` to your
       :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` list in your settings file.

    5. Point your URLconf at your :class:`WizardView` :meth:`~WizardView.as_view` method.

Defining ``Form`` classes
-------------------------

The first step in creating a form wizard is to create the
:class:`~django.forms.Form` classes.  These should be standard
:class:`django.forms.Form` classes, covered in the :doc:`forms documentation
</topics/forms/index>`.  These classes can live anywhere in your codebase,
but convention is to put them in a file called :file:`forms.py` in your
application.

For example, let's write a "contact form" wizard, where the first page's form
collects the sender's email address and subject, and the second page collects
the message itself. Here's what the :file:`forms.py` might look like::

    from django import forms

    class ContactForm1(forms.Form):
        subject = forms.CharField(max_length=100)
        sender = forms.EmailField()

    class ContactForm2(forms.Form):
        message = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)


.. note::

    In order to use :class:`~django.forms.FileField` in any form, see the
    section :ref:`Handling files <wizard-files>` below to learn more about
    what to do.

Creating a ``WizardView`` class
-------------------------------

The next step is to create a
:class:`django.contrib.formtools.wizard.view.WizardView` subclass. You can
also use the :class:`SessionWizardView` or :class:`CookieWizardView` class
which preselects the wizard storage backend.

.. note::

    To use the :class:`SessionWizardView` follow the instructions
    in the :doc:`sessions documentation </topics/http/sessions>` on
    how to enable sessions.

We will use the :class:`SessionWizardView` in all examples but is is completely
fine to use the :class:`CookieWizardView` instead. As with your
:class:`~django.forms.Form` classes, this :class:`WizardView` class can live
anywhere in your codebase, but convention is to put it in :file:`views.py`.

The only requirement on this subclass is that it implement a
:meth:`~WizardView.done()` method.

.. method:: WizardView.done(form_list)

    This method specifies what should happen when the data for *every* form is
    submitted and validated. This method is passed a list of validated
    :class:`~django.forms.Form` instances.

    In this simplistic example, rather than performing any database operation,
    the method simply renders a template of the validated data::

        from django.shortcuts import render_to_response
        from django.contrib.formtools.wizard.views import SessionWizardView

        class ContactWizard(SessionWizardView):
            def done(self, form_list, **kwargs):
                return render_to_response('done.html', {
                    'form_data': [form.cleaned_data for form in form_list],
                })

    Note that this method will be called via ``POST``, so it really ought to be a
    good Web citizen and redirect after processing the data. Here's another
    example::

        from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
        from django.contrib.formtools.wizard.views import SessionWizardView

        class ContactWizard(SessionWizardView):
            def done(self, form_list, **kwargs):
                do_something_with_the_form_data(form_list)
                return HttpResponseRedirect('/page-to-redirect-to-when-done/')

See the section :ref:`Advanced WizardView methods <wizardview-advanced-methods>`
below to learn about more :class:`WizardView` hooks.

Creating templates for the forms
--------------------------------

Next, you'll need to create a template that renders the wizard's forms. By
default, every form uses a template called
:file:`formtools/wizard/wizard_form.html`. You can change this template name
by overriding either the :attr:`~WizardView.template_name` attribute or the
:meth:`~WizardView.get_template_names()` method, which is documented below.
This hook also allows you to use a different template for each form.

This template expects a ``wizard`` object that has various items attached to
it:

    * ``form`` -- The :class:`~django.forms.Form` instance for the current
      step (either empty or with errors).

    * ``steps`` -- A helper object to access the various steps related data:

        * ``step0`` -- The current step (zero-based).
        * ``step1`` -- The current step (one-based).
        * ``count`` -- The total number of steps.
        * ``first`` -- The first step.
        * ``last`` -- The last step.
        * ``current`` -- The current (or first) step.
        * ``next`` -- The next step.
        * ``prev`` -- The previous step.
        * ``index`` -- The index of the current step.
        * ``all`` -- A list of all steps of the wizard.

You can supply additional context variables by using the
:meth:`~FormWizard.get_context_data` method of your :class:`FormWizard`
subclass.

Here's a full example template:

.. code-block:: html+django

    {% extends "base.html" %}

    {% block content %}
    <p>Step {{ wizard.steps.step1 }} of {{ wizard.steps.count }}</p>
    <form action="." method="post">{% csrf_token %}
    <table>
    {{ wizard.management_form }}
    {% if wizard.form.forms %}
        {{ wizard.form.management_form }}
        {% for form in wizard.form.forms %}
            {{ form }}
        {% endfor %}
    {% else %}
        {{ wizard.form }}
    {% endif %}
    {% if wizard.steps.prev %}
    <button name="wizard_prev_step" value="{{ wizard.steps.first }}">{% trans "first step" %}</button>
    <button name="wizard_prev_step" value="{{ wizard.steps.prev }}">{% trans "prev step" %}</button>
    {% endif %}
    </table>
    <input type="submit">
    </form>
    {% endblock %}

.. note::

    Note that ``{{ wizard.management_form }}`` **must be used** for
    the wizard to work properly.

.. _wizard-urlconf:

Hooking the wizard into a URLconf
---------------------------------

Finally, we need to specify which forms to use in the wizard, and then
deploy the new :class:`WizardView` object a URL in the ``urls.py``. The
wizard's :meth:`as_view` method takes a list of your
:class:`~django.forms.Form` classes as an argument during instantiation::

    from django.conf.urls.defaults import patterns

    from myapp.forms import ContactForm1, ContactForm2
    from myapp.views import ContactWizard

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^contact/$', ContactWizard.as_view([ContactForm1, ContactForm2])),
    )

.. _wizardview-advanced-methods:

Advanced ``WizardView`` methods
===============================

.. class:: WizardView

    Aside from the :meth:`~done()` method, :class:`WizardView` offers a few
    advanced method hooks that let you customize how your wizard works.

    Some of these methods take an argument ``step``, which is a zero-based
    counter as string representing the current step of the wizard. (E.g., the
    first form is ``'0'`` and the second form is ``'1'``)

.. method:: WizardView.get_form_prefix(step)

    Given the step, returns a form prefix to use. By default, this simply uses
    the step itself. For more, see the :ref:`form prefix documentation
    <form-prefix>`.

.. method:: WizardView.process_step(form)

    Hook for modifying the wizard's internal state, given a fully validated
    :class:`~django.forms.Form` object. The Form is guaranteed to have clean,
    valid data.

    Note that this method is called every time a page is rendered for *all*
    submitted steps.

    The default implementation::

        def process_step(self, form):
            return self.get_form_step_data(form)

.. method:: WizardView.get_form_initial(step)

    Returns a dictionary which will be passed to the form for ``step`` as
    ``initial``. If no initial data was provided while initializing the
    form wizard, an empty dictionary should be returned.

    The default implementation::

        def get_form_initial(self, step):
            return self.initial_dict.get(step, {})

.. method:: WizardView.get_form_kwargs(step)

    Returns a dictionary which will be used as the keyword arguments when
    instantiating the form instance on given ``step``.

    The default implementation::

        def get_form_kwargs(self, step):
            return {}

.. method:: WizardView.get_form_instance(step)

    Returns an object which will be passed to the form for ``step`` as
    ``instance``. If no instance object was provided while initializing
    the form wizard, None be returned.

    The default implementation::

        def get_form_instance(self, step):
            return self.instance_dict.get(step, None)

.. method:: WizardView.get_context_data(form, **kwargs)

    Returns the template context for a step. You can overwrite this method
    to add more data for all or some steps. This method returns a dictionary
    containing the rendered form step.

    The default template context variables are:

    * Any extra data the storage backend has stored
    * ``form`` -- form instance of the current step
    * ``wizard`` -- the wizard instance itself

    Example to add extra variables for a specific step::

        def get_context_data(self, form, **kwargs):
            context = super(MyWizard, self).get_context_data(form, **kwargs)
            if self.steps.current == 'my_step_name':
                context.update({'another_var': True})
            return context

.. method:: WizardView.get_wizard_name()

    This method can be used to change the wizard's internal name.

    Default implementation::

        def get_wizard_name(self):
            return normalize_name(self.__class__.__name__)

.. method:: WizardView.get_prefix()

    This method returns a prefix for the storage backends. These backends use
    the prefix to fetch the correct data for the wizard. (Multiple wizards
    could save their data in one session)

    You can change this method to make the wizard data prefix more unique to,
    e.g. have multiple instances of one wizard in one session.

    Default implementation::

        def get_prefix(self):
            return self.wizard_name

.. method:: WizardView.get_form(step=None, data=None, files=None)

    This method constructs the form for a given ``step``. If no ``step`` is
    defined, the current step will be determined automatically.
    The method gets three arguments:

    * ``step`` -- The step for which the form instance should be generated.
    * ``data`` -- Gets passed to the form's data argument
    * ``files`` -- Gets passed to the form's files argument

    You can override this method to add extra arguments to the form instance.

    Example code to add a user attribute to the form on step 2::

        def get_form(self, step=None, data=None, files=None):
            form = super(MyWizard, self).get_form(step, data, files)
            if step == '1':
                form.user = self.request.user
            return form

.. method:: WizardView.process_step(form)

    This method gives you a way to post-process the form data before the data
    gets stored within the storage backend. By default it just passed the
    form.data dictionary. You should not manipulate the data here but you can
    use the data to do some extra work if needed (e.g. set storage extra data).

    Default implementation::

        def process_step(self, form):
            return self.get_form_step_data(form)

.. method:: WizardView.process_step_files(form)

    This method gives you a way to post-process the form files before the
    files gets stored within the storage backend. By default it just passed
    the ``form.files`` dictionary. You should not manipulate the data here
    but you can use the data to do some extra work if needed (e.g. set storage
    extra data).

    Default implementation::

        def process_step_files(self, form):
            return self.get_form_step_files(form)

.. method:: WizardView.render_revalidation_failure(step, form, **kwargs)

    When the wizard thinks, all steps passed it revalidates all forms with the
    data from the backend storage.

    If any of the forms don't validate correctly, this method gets called.
    This method expects two arguments, ``step`` and ``form``.

    The default implementation resets the current step to the first failing
    form and redirects the user to the invalid form.

    Default implementation::

        def render_revalidation_failure(self, step, form, **kwargs):
            self.storage.current_step = step
            return self.render(form, **kwargs)

.. method:: WizardView.get_form_step_data(form)

    This method fetches the form data from and returns the dictionary. You
    can use this method to manipulate the values before the data gets stored
    in the storage backend.

    Default implementation::

        def get_form_step_data(self, form):
            return form.data

.. method:: WizardView.get_form_step_files(form)

    This method returns the form files. You can use this method to manipulate
    the files before the data gets stored in the storage backend.

    Default implementation::

        def get_form_step_files(self, form):
            return form.files

.. method:: WizardView.render(form, **kwargs)

    This method gets called after the get or post request was handled. You can
    hook in this method to, e.g. change the type of http response.

    Default implementation::

        def render(self, form=None, **kwargs):
            form = form or self.get_form()
            context = self.get_context_data(form, **kwargs)
            return self.render_to_response(context)

Providing initial data for the forms
====================================

.. attribute:: WizardView.initial_dict

    Initial data for a wizard's :class:`~django.forms.Form` objects can be
    provided using the optional :attr:`~Wizard.initial_dict` keyword argument.
    This argument should be a dictionary mapping the steps to dictionaries
    containing the initial data for each step. The dictionary of initial data
    will be passed along to the constructor of the step's
    :class:`~django.forms.Form`::

        >>> from myapp.forms import ContactForm1, ContactForm2
        >>> from myapp.views import ContactWizard
        >>> initial = {
        ...     '0': {'subject': 'Hello', 'sender': 'user@example.com'},
        ...     '1': {'message': 'Hi there!'}
        ... }
        >>> wiz = ContactWizard.as_view([ContactForm1, ContactForm2], initial_dict=initial)
        >>> form1 = wiz.get_form('0')
        >>> form2 = wiz.get_form('1')
        >>> form1.initial
        {'sender': 'user@example.com', 'subject': 'Hello'}
        >>> form2.initial
        {'message': 'Hi there!'}

    The ``initial_dict`` can also take a list of dictionaries for a specific
    step if the step is a ``FormSet``.

.. _wizard-files:

Handling files
==============

To handle :class:`~django.forms.FileField` within any step form of the wizard,
you have to add a :attr:`file_storage` to your :class:`WizardView` subclass.

This storage will temporarilyy store the uploaded files for the wizard. The
:attr:`file_storage` attribute should be a
:class:`~django.core.files.storage.Storage` subclass.

.. warning::

    Please remember to take care of removing old files as the
    :class:`WizardView` won't remove any files, whether the wizard gets
    finished correctly or not.

Conditionally view/skip specific steps
======================================

.. attribute:: WizardView.condition_dict

The :meth:`~WizardView.as_view` accepts a ``condition_dict`` argument. You can pass a
dictionary of boolean values or callables. The key should match the steps
name (e.g. '0', '1').

If the value of a specific step is callable it will be called with the
:class:`WizardView` instance as the only argument. If the return value is true,
the step's form will be used.

This example provides a contact form including a condition. The condition is
used to show a message form only if a checkbox in the first step was checked.

The steps are defined in a ``forms.py``::

    from django import forms

    class ContactForm1(forms.Form):
        subject = forms.CharField(max_length=100)
        sender = forms.EmailField()
        leave_message = forms.BooleanField(required=False)

    class ContactForm2(forms.Form):
        message = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)

We define our wizard in a ``views.py``::

    from django.shortcuts import render_to_response
    from django.contrib.formtools.wizard.views import SessionWizardView

    def show_message_form_condition(wizard):
        # try to get the cleaned data of step 1
        cleaned_data = wizard.get_cleaned_data_for_step('0') or {}
        # check if the field ``leave_message`` was checked.
        return cleaned_data.get('leave_message', True)

    class ContactWizard(SessionWizardView):

        def done(self, form_list, **kwargs):
            return render_to_response('done.html', {
                'form_data': [form.cleaned_data for form in form_list],
            })

We need to add the ``ContactWizard`` to our ``urls.py`` file::

    from django.conf.urls.defaults import pattern

    from myapp.forms import ContactForm1, ContactForm2
    from myapp.views import ContactWizard, show_message_form_condition

    contact_forms = [ContactForm1, ContactForm2]

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^contact/$', ContactWizard.as_view(contact_forms,
            condition_dict={'1': show_message_form_condition}
        )),
    )

As you can see, we defined a ``show_message_form_condition`` next to our
:class:`WizardView` subclass and added a ``condition_dict`` argument to the
:meth:`~WizardView.as_view` method. The key refers to the second wizard step
(because of the zero based step index).

How to work with ModelForm and ModelFormSet
===========================================

The WizardView supports :class:`~django.forms.ModelForm` and
:class:`~django.forms.ModelFormSet`. Additionally to the ``initial_dict``,
the :meth:`~WizardView.as_view` method takes a ``instance_dict`` argument
with a list of instances for the ``ModelForm`` and ``ModelFormSet``.

Usage of NamedUrlWizardView
===========================

.. class:: NamedUrlWizardView

There is a :class:`WizardView` subclass which adds named-urls support to the wizard.
By doing this, you can have single urls for every step.

To use the named urls, you have to change the ``urls.py``.

Below you will see an example of a contact wizard with two steps, step 1 with
"contactdata" as its name and step 2 with "leavemessage" as its name.

Additionally you have to pass two more arguments to the
:meth:`~WizardView.as_view` method:

   * ``url_name`` -- the name of the url (as provided in the urls.py)
   * ``done_step_name`` -- the name in the url for the done step

Example code for the changed ``urls.py`` file::

    from django.conf.urls.defaults import url, patterns

    from myapp.forms import ContactForm1, ContactForm2
    from myapp.views import ContactWizard

    named_contact_forms = (
        ('contactdata', ContactForm1),
        ('leavemessage', ContactForm2),
    )

    contact_wizard = ContactWizard.as_view(named_contact_forms,
        url_name='contact_step', done_step_name='finished')

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        url(r'^contact/(?P<step>.+)/$', contact_wizard, name='contact_step'),
        url(r'^contact/$', contact_wizard, name='contact'),
    )