django/docs/ref/contrib/postgres/constraints.txt

========================================
PostgreSQL specific database constraints
========================================

.. module:: django.contrib.postgres.constraints
   :synopsis: PostgreSQL specific database constraint

PostgreSQL supports additional data integrity constraints available from the
``django.contrib.postgres.constraints`` module. They are added in the model
:attr:`Meta.constraints <django.db.models.Options.constraints>` option.

``ExclusionConstraint``
=======================

.. class:: ExclusionConstraint(*, name, expressions, index_type=None, condition=None, deferrable=None, include=None, opclasses=(), violation_error_message=None)

    Creates an exclusion constraint in the database. Internally, PostgreSQL
    implements exclusion constraints using indexes. The default index type is
    `GiST <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/gist.html>`_. To use them,
    you need to activate the `btree_gist extension
    <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/btree-gist.html>`_ on PostgreSQL.
    You can install it using the
    :class:`~django.contrib.postgres.operations.BtreeGistExtension` migration
    operation.

    If you attempt to insert a new row that conflicts with an existing row, an
    :exc:`~django.db.IntegrityError` is raised. Similarly, when update
    conflicts with an existing row.

    Exclusion constraints are checked during the :ref:`model validation
    <validating-objects>`.

    .. versionchanged:: 4.1

        In older versions, exclusion constraints were not checked during model
        validation.

``name``
--------

.. attribute:: ExclusionConstraint.name

See :attr:`.BaseConstraint.name`.

``expressions``
---------------

.. attribute:: ExclusionConstraint.expressions

An iterable of 2-tuples. The first element is an expression or string. The
second element is an SQL operator represented as a string. To avoid typos, you
may use :class:`~django.contrib.postgres.fields.RangeOperators` which maps the
operators with strings. For example::

    expressions=[
        ('timespan', RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO),
        (F('room'), RangeOperators.EQUAL),
    ]

.. admonition:: Restrictions on operators.

    Only commutative operators can be used in exclusion constraints.

The :class:`OpClass() <django.contrib.postgres.indexes.OpClass>` expression can
be used to specify a custom `operator class`_ for the constraint expressions.
For example::

    expressions=[
        (OpClass('circle', name='circle_ops'), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
    ]

creates an exclusion constraint on ``circle`` using ``circle_ops``.

.. versionchanged:: 4.1

    Support for the ``OpClass()`` expression was added.

.. _operator class: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-opclass.html

``index_type``
--------------

.. attribute:: ExclusionConstraint.index_type

The index type of the constraint. Accepted values are ``GIST`` or ``SPGIST``.
Matching is case insensitive. If not provided, the default index type is
``GIST``.

``condition``
-------------

.. attribute:: ExclusionConstraint.condition

A :class:`~django.db.models.Q` object that specifies the condition to restrict
a constraint to a subset of rows. For example,
``condition=Q(cancelled=False)``.

These conditions have the same database restrictions as
:attr:`django.db.models.Index.condition`.

``deferrable``
--------------

.. attribute:: ExclusionConstraint.deferrable

Set this parameter to create a deferrable exclusion constraint. Accepted values
are ``Deferrable.DEFERRED`` or ``Deferrable.IMMEDIATE``. For example::

    from django.contrib.postgres.constraints import ExclusionConstraint
    from django.contrib.postgres.fields import RangeOperators
    from django.db.models import Deferrable


    ExclusionConstraint(
        name='exclude_overlapping_deferred',
        expressions=[
            ('timespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
        ],
        deferrable=Deferrable.DEFERRED,
    )

By default constraints are not deferred. A deferred constraint will not be
enforced until the end of the transaction. An immediate constraint will be
enforced immediately after every command.

.. warning::

    Deferred exclusion constraints may lead to a `performance penalty
    <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtable.html#id-1.9.3.85.9.4>`_.

``include``
-----------

.. attribute:: ExclusionConstraint.include

A list or tuple of the names of the fields to be included in the covering
exclusion constraint as non-key columns. This allows index-only scans to be
used for queries that select only included fields
(:attr:`~ExclusionConstraint.include`) and filter only by indexed fields
(:attr:`~ExclusionConstraint.expressions`).

``include`` is supported for GiST indexes. PostgreSQL 14+ also supports
``include`` for SP-GiST indexes.

.. versionchanged:: 4.1

    Support for covering exclusion constraints using SP-GiST indexes on
    PostgreSQL 14+ was added.

``opclasses``
-------------

.. attribute:: ExclusionConstraint.opclasses

The names of the `PostgreSQL operator classes
<https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-opclass.html>`_ to use for
this constraint. If you require a custom operator class, you must provide one
for each expression in the constraint.

For example::

    ExclusionConstraint(
        name='exclude_overlapping_opclasses',
        expressions=[('circle', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
        opclasses=['circle_ops'],
    )

creates an exclusion constraint on ``circle`` using ``circle_ops``.

.. deprecated:: 4.1

    The ``opclasses`` parameter is deprecated in favor of using
    :class:`OpClass() <django.contrib.postgres.indexes.OpClass>` in
    :attr:`~ExclusionConstraint.expressions`.

``violation_error_message``
---------------------------

.. versionadded:: 4.1

The error message used when ``ValidationError`` is raised during
:ref:`model validation <validating-objects>`. Defaults to
:attr:`.BaseConstraint.violation_error_message`.

Examples
--------

The following example restricts overlapping reservations in the same room, not
taking canceled reservations into account::

    from django.contrib.postgres.constraints import ExclusionConstraint
    from django.contrib.postgres.fields import DateTimeRangeField, RangeOperators
    from django.db import models
    from django.db.models import Q

    class Room(models.Model):
        number = models.IntegerField()


    class Reservation(models.Model):
        room = models.ForeignKey('Room', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
        timespan = DateTimeRangeField()
        cancelled = models.BooleanField(default=False)

        class Meta:
            constraints = [
                ExclusionConstraint(
                    name='exclude_overlapping_reservations',
                    expressions=[
                        ('timespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
                        ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL),
                    ],
                    condition=Q(cancelled=False),
                ),
            ]

In case your model defines a range using two fields, instead of the native
PostgreSQL range types, you should write an expression that uses the equivalent
function (e.g. ``TsTzRange()``), and use the delimiters for the field. Most
often, the delimiters will be ``'[)'``, meaning that the lower bound is
inclusive and the upper bound is exclusive. You may use the
:class:`~django.contrib.postgres.fields.RangeBoundary` that provides an
expression mapping for the `range boundaries <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/
current/rangetypes.html#RANGETYPES-INCLUSIVITY>`_. For example::

    from django.contrib.postgres.constraints import ExclusionConstraint
    from django.contrib.postgres.fields import (
        DateTimeRangeField,
        RangeBoundary,
        RangeOperators,
    )
    from django.db import models
    from django.db.models import Func, Q


    class TsTzRange(Func):
        function = 'TSTZRANGE'
        output_field = DateTimeRangeField()


    class Reservation(models.Model):
        room = models.ForeignKey('Room', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
        start = models.DateTimeField()
        end = models.DateTimeField()
        cancelled = models.BooleanField(default=False)

        class Meta:
            constraints = [
                ExclusionConstraint(
                    name='exclude_overlapping_reservations',
                    expressions=(
                        (TsTzRange('start', 'end', RangeBoundary()), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
                        ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL),
                    ),
                    condition=Q(cancelled=False),
                ),
            ]