django/tests/migrations/test_operations.py

import math

from django.core.exceptions import FieldDoesNotExist
from django.db import IntegrityError, connection, migrations, models, transaction
from django.db.migrations.migration import Migration
from django.db.migrations.operations.fields import FieldOperation
from django.db.migrations.state import ModelState, ProjectState
from django.db.models import F
from django.db.models.expressions import Value
from django.db.models.functions import Abs, Pi
from django.db.transaction import atomic
from django.test import (
    SimpleTestCase,
    ignore_warnings,
    override_settings,
    skipIfDBFeature,
    skipUnlessDBFeature,
)
from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext
from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango51Warning

from .models import FoodManager, FoodQuerySet, UnicodeModel
from .test_base import OperationTestBase


class Mixin:
    pass


class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
    """
    Tests running the operations and making sure they do what they say they do.
    Each test looks at their state changing, and then their database operation -
    both forwards and backwards.
    """

    def test_create_model(self):
        """
        Tests the CreateModel operation.
        Most other tests use this operation as part of setup, so check failures
        here first.
        """
        operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Pony",
            [
                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                ("pink", models.IntegerField(default=1)),
            ],
        )
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Create model Pony")
        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "pony")
        # Test the state alteration
        project_state = ProjectState()
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_crmo", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(new_state.models["test_crmo", "pony"].name, "Pony")
        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_crmo", "pony"].fields), 2)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_crmo", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableExists("test_crmo_pony")
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards("test_crmo", editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "CreateModel")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(sorted(definition[2]), ["fields", "name"])
        # And default manager not in set
        operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Foo", fields=[], managers=[("objects", models.Manager())]
        )
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertNotIn("managers", definition[2])

    def test_create_model_with_duplicate_field_name(self):
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
            ValueError, "Found duplicate value pink in CreateModel fields argument."
        ):
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "Pony",
                [
                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                    ("pink", models.TextField()),
                    ("pink", models.IntegerField(default=1)),
                ],
            )

    def test_create_model_with_duplicate_base(self):
        message = "Found duplicate value test_crmo.pony in CreateModel bases argument."
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "Pony",
                fields=[],
                bases=(
                    "test_crmo.Pony",
                    "test_crmo.Pony",
                ),
            )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "Pony",
                fields=[],
                bases=(
                    "test_crmo.Pony",
                    "test_crmo.pony",
                ),
            )
        message = (
            "Found duplicate value migrations.unicodemodel in CreateModel bases "
            "argument."
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "Pony",
                fields=[],
                bases=(
                    UnicodeModel,
                    UnicodeModel,
                ),
            )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "Pony",
                fields=[],
                bases=(
                    UnicodeModel,
                    "migrations.unicodemodel",
                ),
            )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "Pony",
                fields=[],
                bases=(
                    UnicodeModel,
                    "migrations.UnicodeModel",
                ),
            )
        message = (
            "Found duplicate value <class 'django.db.models.base.Model'> in "
            "CreateModel bases argument."
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "Pony",
                fields=[],
                bases=(
                    models.Model,
                    models.Model,
                ),
            )
        message = (
            "Found duplicate value <class 'migrations.test_operations.Mixin'> in "
            "CreateModel bases argument."
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "Pony",
                fields=[],
                bases=(
                    Mixin,
                    Mixin,
                ),
            )

    def test_create_model_with_duplicate_manager_name(self):
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
            ValueError,
            "Found duplicate value objects in CreateModel managers argument.",
        ):
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "Pony",
                fields=[],
                managers=[
                    ("objects", models.Manager()),
                    ("objects", models.Manager()),
                ],
            )

    def test_create_model_with_unique_after(self):
        """
        Tests the CreateModel operation directly followed by an
        AlterUniqueTogether (bug #22844 - sqlite remake issues)
        """
        operation1 = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Pony",
            [
                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                ("pink", models.IntegerField(default=1)),
            ],
        )
        operation2 = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Rider",
            [
                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                ("number", models.IntegerField(default=1)),
                ("pony", models.ForeignKey("test_crmoua.Pony", models.CASCADE)),
            ],
        )
        operation3 = migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            "Rider",
            [
                ("number", "pony"),
            ],
        )
        # Test the database alteration
        project_state = ProjectState()
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmoua_pony")
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmoua_rider")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            new_state = project_state.clone()
            operation1.state_forwards("test_crmoua", new_state)
            operation1.database_forwards(
                "test_crmoua", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
            project_state, new_state = new_state, new_state.clone()
            operation2.state_forwards("test_crmoua", new_state)
            operation2.database_forwards(
                "test_crmoua", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
            project_state, new_state = new_state, new_state.clone()
            operation3.state_forwards("test_crmoua", new_state)
            operation3.database_forwards(
                "test_crmoua", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        self.assertTableExists("test_crmoua_pony")
        self.assertTableExists("test_crmoua_rider")

    def test_create_model_m2m(self):
        """
        Test the creation of a model with a ManyToMany field and the
        auto-created "through" model.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_crmomm")
        operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Stable",
            [
                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                ("ponies", models.ManyToManyField("Pony", related_name="stables")),
            ],
        )
        # Test the state alteration
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_crmomm", new_state)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmomm_stable_ponies")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_crmomm", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableExists("test_crmomm_stable")
        self.assertTableExists("test_crmomm_stable_ponies")
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_crmomm_stable", "ponies")
        # Make sure the M2M field actually works
        with atomic():
            Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_crmomm", "Pony")
            Stable = new_state.apps.get_model("test_crmomm", "Stable")
            stable = Stable.objects.create()
            p1 = Pony.objects.create(pink=False, weight=4.55)
            p2 = Pony.objects.create(pink=True, weight=5.43)
            stable.ponies.add(p1, p2)
            self.assertEqual(stable.ponies.count(), 2)
            stable.ponies.all().delete()
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_crmomm", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmomm_stable")
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmomm_stable_ponies")

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_collation_on_charfield", "supports_foreign_keys")
    def test_create_fk_models_to_pk_field_db_collation(self):
        """Creation of models with a FK to a PK with db_collation."""
        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("non_default")
        if not collation:
            self.skipTest("Language collations are not supported.")

        app_label = "test_cfkmtopkfdbc"
        operations = [
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "Pony",
                [
                    (
                        "id",
                        models.CharField(
                            primary_key=True,
                            max_length=10,
                            db_collation=collation,
                        ),
                    ),
                ],
            )
        ]
        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations)
        # ForeignKey.
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Rider",
            [
                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                ("pony", models.ForeignKey("Pony", models.CASCADE)),
            ],
        )
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnCollation(f"{app_label}_rider", "pony_id", collation)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        # OneToOneField.
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            "ShetlandPony",
            [
                (
                    "pony",
                    models.OneToOneField("Pony", models.CASCADE, primary_key=True),
                ),
                ("cuteness", models.IntegerField(default=1)),
            ],
        )
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnCollation(f"{app_label}_shetlandpony", "pony_id", collation)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)

    def test_create_model_inheritance(self):
        """
        Tests the CreateModel operation on a multi-table inheritance setup.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_crmoih")
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            "ShetlandPony",
            [
                (
                    "pony_ptr",
                    models.OneToOneField(
                        "test_crmoih.Pony",
                        models.CASCADE,
                        auto_created=True,
                        primary_key=True,
                        to_field="id",
                        serialize=False,
                    ),
                ),
                ("cuteness", models.IntegerField(default=1)),
            ],
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_crmoih", new_state)
        self.assertIn(("test_crmoih", "shetlandpony"), new_state.models)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmoih_shetlandpony")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_crmoih", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableExists("test_crmoih_shetlandpony")
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_crmoih", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmoih_shetlandpony")

    def test_create_proxy_model(self):
        """
        CreateModel ignores proxy models.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_crprmo")
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            "ProxyPony",
            [],
            options={"proxy": True},
            bases=("test_crprmo.Pony",),
        )
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Create proxy model ProxyPony")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_crprmo", new_state)
        self.assertIn(("test_crprmo", "proxypony"), new_state.models)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crprmo_proxypony")
        self.assertTableExists("test_crprmo_pony")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_crprmo", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crprmo_proxypony")
        self.assertTableExists("test_crprmo_pony")
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_crprmo", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crprmo_proxypony")
        self.assertTableExists("test_crprmo_pony")
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "CreateModel")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(sorted(definition[2]), ["bases", "fields", "name", "options"])

    def test_create_unmanaged_model(self):
        """
        CreateModel ignores unmanaged models.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_crummo")
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            "UnmanagedPony",
            [],
            options={"proxy": True},
            bases=("test_crummo.Pony",),
        )
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Create proxy model UnmanagedPony")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_crummo", new_state)
        self.assertIn(("test_crummo", "unmanagedpony"), new_state.models)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crummo_unmanagedpony")
        self.assertTableExists("test_crummo_pony")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_crummo", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crummo_unmanagedpony")
        self.assertTableExists("test_crummo_pony")
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_crummo", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crummo_unmanagedpony")
        self.assertTableExists("test_crummo_pony")

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
    def test_create_model_with_constraint(self):
        where = models.Q(pink__gt=2)
        check_constraint = models.CheckConstraint(
            check=where, name="test_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2"
        )
        operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Pony",
            [
                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                ("pink", models.IntegerField(default=3)),
            ],
            options={"constraints": [check_constraint]},
        )

        # Test the state alteration
        project_state = ProjectState()
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_crmo", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models["test_crmo", "pony"].options["constraints"]), 1
        )

        # Test database alteration
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_crmo", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableExists("test_crmo_pony")
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                cursor.execute("INSERT INTO test_crmo_pony (id, pink) VALUES (1, 1)")

        # Test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards("test_crmo", editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")

        # Test deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "CreateModel")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(definition[2]["options"]["constraints"], [check_constraint])

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
    def test_create_model_with_boolean_expression_in_check_constraint(self):
        app_label = "test_crmobechc"
        rawsql_constraint = models.CheckConstraint(
            check=models.expressions.RawSQL(
                "price < %s", (1000,), output_field=models.BooleanField()
            ),
            name=f"{app_label}_price_lt_1000_raw",
        )
        wrapper_constraint = models.CheckConstraint(
            check=models.expressions.ExpressionWrapper(
                models.Q(price__gt=500) | models.Q(price__lt=500),
                output_field=models.BooleanField(),
            ),
            name=f"{app_label}_price_neq_500_wrap",
        )
        operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Product",
            [
                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                ("price", models.IntegerField(null=True)),
            ],
            options={"constraints": [rawsql_constraint, wrapper_constraint]},
        )

        project_state = ProjectState()
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        # Add table.
        self.assertTableNotExists(app_label)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableExists(f"{app_label}_product")
        insert_sql = f"INSERT INTO {app_label}_product (id, price) VALUES (%d, %d)"
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                cursor.execute(insert_sql % (1, 1000))
            cursor.execute(insert_sql % (1, 999))
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                cursor.execute(insert_sql % (2, 500))
            cursor.execute(insert_sql % (2, 499))

    def test_create_model_with_partial_unique_constraint(self):
        partial_unique_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
            fields=["pink"],
            condition=models.Q(weight__gt=5),
            name="test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq",
        )
        operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Pony",
            [
                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                ("pink", models.IntegerField(default=3)),
                ("weight", models.FloatField()),
            ],
            options={"constraints": [partial_unique_constraint]},
        )
        # Test the state alteration
        project_state = ProjectState()
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_crmo", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models["test_crmo", "pony"].options["constraints"]), 1
        )
        # Test database alteration
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_crmo", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableExists("test_crmo_pony")
        # Test constraint works
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_crmo", "Pony")
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=6.0)
        if connection.features.supports_partial_indexes:
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=7.0)
        else:
            Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=7.0)
        # Test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards("test_crmo", editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")
        # Test deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "CreateModel")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2]["options"]["constraints"], [partial_unique_constraint]
        )

    def test_create_model_with_deferred_unique_constraint(self):
        deferred_unique_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
            fields=["pink"],
            name="deferrable_pink_constraint",
            deferrable=models.Deferrable.DEFERRED,
        )
        operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Pony",
            [
                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                ("pink", models.IntegerField(default=3)),
            ],
            options={"constraints": [deferred_unique_constraint]},
        )
        project_state = ProjectState()
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_crmo", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models["test_crmo", "pony"].options["constraints"]), 1
        )
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")
        # Create table.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_crmo", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableExists("test_crmo_pony")
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_crmo", "Pony")
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1)
        if connection.features.supports_deferrable_unique_constraints:
            # Unique constraint is deferred.
            with transaction.atomic():
                obj = Pony.objects.create(pink=1)
                obj.pink = 2
                obj.save()
            # Constraint behavior can be changed with SET CONSTRAINTS.
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                with transaction.atomic(), connection.cursor() as cursor:
                    quoted_name = connection.ops.quote_name(
                        deferred_unique_constraint.name
                    )
                    cursor.execute("SET CONSTRAINTS %s IMMEDIATE" % quoted_name)
                    obj = Pony.objects.create(pink=1)
                    obj.pink = 3
                    obj.save()
        else:
            Pony.objects.create(pink=1)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards("test_crmo", editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "CreateModel")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2]["options"]["constraints"],
            [deferred_unique_constraint],
        )

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_indexes")
    def test_create_model_with_covering_unique_constraint(self):
        covering_unique_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
            fields=["pink"],
            include=["weight"],
            name="test_constraint_pony_pink_covering_weight",
        )
        operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Pony",
            [
                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                ("pink", models.IntegerField(default=3)),
                ("weight", models.FloatField()),
            ],
            options={"constraints": [covering_unique_constraint]},
        )
        project_state = ProjectState()
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_crmo", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models["test_crmo", "pony"].options["constraints"]), 1
        )
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")
        # Create table.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_crmo", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableExists("test_crmo_pony")
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_crmo", "Pony")
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
            Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=7.0)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards("test_crmo", editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "CreateModel")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2]["options"]["constraints"],
            [covering_unique_constraint],
        )

    def test_create_model_managers(self):
        """
        The managers on a model are set.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_cmoma")
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Food",
            fields=[
                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
            ],
            managers=[
                ("food_qs", FoodQuerySet.as_manager()),
                ("food_mgr", FoodManager("a", "b")),
                ("food_mgr_kwargs", FoodManager("x", "y", 3, 4)),
            ],
        )
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Create model Food")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_cmoma", new_state)
        self.assertIn(("test_cmoma", "food"), new_state.models)
        managers = new_state.models["test_cmoma", "food"].managers
        self.assertEqual(managers[0][0], "food_qs")
        self.assertIsInstance(managers[0][1], models.Manager)
        self.assertEqual(managers[1][0], "food_mgr")
        self.assertIsInstance(managers[1][1], FoodManager)
        self.assertEqual(managers[1][1].args, ("a", "b", 1, 2))
        self.assertEqual(managers[2][0], "food_mgr_kwargs")
        self.assertIsInstance(managers[2][1], FoodManager)
        self.assertEqual(managers[2][1].args, ("x", "y", 3, 4))

    def test_delete_model(self):
        """
        Tests the DeleteModel operation.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_dlmo")
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.DeleteModel("Pony")
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Delete model Pony")
        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "delete_pony")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_dlmo", new_state)
        self.assertNotIn(("test_dlmo", "pony"), new_state.models)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertTableExists("test_dlmo_pony")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_dlmo", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_dlmo_pony")
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards("test_dlmo", editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertTableExists("test_dlmo_pony")
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "DeleteModel")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(list(definition[2]), ["name"])

    def test_delete_proxy_model(self):
        """
        Tests the DeleteModel operation ignores proxy models.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_dlprmo", proxy_model=True)
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.DeleteModel("ProxyPony")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_dlprmo", new_state)
        self.assertIn(("test_dlprmo", "proxypony"), project_state.models)
        self.assertNotIn(("test_dlprmo", "proxypony"), new_state.models)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertTableExists("test_dlprmo_pony")
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_dlprmo_proxypony")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_dlprmo", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableExists("test_dlprmo_pony")
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_dlprmo_proxypony")
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_dlprmo", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertTableExists("test_dlprmo_pony")
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_dlprmo_proxypony")

    def test_delete_mti_model(self):
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_dlmtimo", mti_model=True)
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.DeleteModel("ShetlandPony")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_dlmtimo", new_state)
        self.assertIn(("test_dlmtimo", "shetlandpony"), project_state.models)
        self.assertNotIn(("test_dlmtimo", "shetlandpony"), new_state.models)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertTableExists("test_dlmtimo_pony")
        self.assertTableExists("test_dlmtimo_shetlandpony")
        self.assertColumnExists("test_dlmtimo_shetlandpony", "pony_ptr_id")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(
                "test_dlmtimo", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        self.assertTableExists("test_dlmtimo_pony")
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_dlmtimo_shetlandpony")
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_dlmtimo", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertTableExists("test_dlmtimo_pony")
        self.assertTableExists("test_dlmtimo_shetlandpony")
        self.assertColumnExists("test_dlmtimo_shetlandpony", "pony_ptr_id")

    def test_rename_model(self):
        """
        Tests the RenameModel operation.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_rnmo", related_model=True)
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.RenameModel("Pony", "Horse")
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Rename model Pony to Horse")
        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "rename_pony_horse")
        # Test initial state and database
        self.assertIn(("test_rnmo", "pony"), project_state.models)
        self.assertNotIn(("test_rnmo", "horse"), project_state.models)
        self.assertTableExists("test_rnmo_pony")
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_rnmo_horse")
        if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
            self.assertFKExists(
                "test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_pony", "id")
            )
            self.assertFKNotExists(
                "test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_horse", "id")
            )
        # Migrate forwards
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        new_state = self.apply_operations("test_rnmo", new_state, [operation])
        # Test new state and database
        self.assertNotIn(("test_rnmo", "pony"), new_state.models)
        self.assertIn(("test_rnmo", "horse"), new_state.models)
        # RenameModel also repoints all incoming FKs and M2Ms
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models["test_rnmo", "rider"].fields["pony"].remote_field.model,
            "test_rnmo.Horse",
        )
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_rnmo_pony")
        self.assertTableExists("test_rnmo_horse")
        if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
            self.assertFKNotExists(
                "test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_pony", "id")
            )
            self.assertFKExists(
                "test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_horse", "id")
            )
        # Migrate backwards
        original_state = self.unapply_operations(
            "test_rnmo", project_state, [operation]
        )
        # Test original state and database
        self.assertIn(("test_rnmo", "pony"), original_state.models)
        self.assertNotIn(("test_rnmo", "horse"), original_state.models)
        self.assertEqual(
            original_state.models["test_rnmo", "rider"]
            .fields["pony"]
            .remote_field.model,
            "Pony",
        )
        self.assertTableExists("test_rnmo_pony")
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_rnmo_horse")
        if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
            self.assertFKExists(
                "test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_pony", "id")
            )
            self.assertFKNotExists(
                "test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_horse", "id")
            )
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RenameModel")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"old_name": "Pony", "new_name": "Horse"})

    def test_rename_model_state_forwards(self):
        """
        RenameModel operations shouldn't trigger the caching of rendered apps
        on state without prior apps.
        """
        state = ProjectState()
        state.add_model(ModelState("migrations", "Foo", []))
        operation = migrations.RenameModel("Foo", "Bar")
        operation.state_forwards("migrations", state)
        self.assertNotIn("apps", state.__dict__)
        self.assertNotIn(("migrations", "foo"), state.models)
        self.assertIn(("migrations", "bar"), state.models)
        # Now with apps cached.
        apps = state.apps
        operation = migrations.RenameModel("Bar", "Foo")
        operation.state_forwards("migrations", state)
        self.assertIs(state.apps, apps)
        self.assertNotIn(("migrations", "bar"), state.models)
        self.assertIn(("migrations", "foo"), state.models)

    def test_rename_model_with_self_referential_fk(self):
        """
        Tests the RenameModel operation on model with self referential FK.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_rmwsrf", related_model=True)
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.RenameModel("Rider", "HorseRider")
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Rename model Rider to HorseRider")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_rmwsrf", new_state)
        self.assertNotIn(("test_rmwsrf", "rider"), new_state.models)
        self.assertIn(("test_rmwsrf", "horserider"), new_state.models)
        # Remember, RenameModel also repoints all incoming FKs and M2Ms
        self.assertEqual(
            "self",
            new_state.models["test_rmwsrf", "horserider"]
            .fields["friend"]
            .remote_field.model,
        )
        HorseRider = new_state.apps.get_model("test_rmwsrf", "horserider")
        self.assertIs(
            HorseRider._meta.get_field("horserider").remote_field.model, HorseRider
        )
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertTableExists("test_rmwsrf_rider")
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_rmwsrf_horserider")
        if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
            self.assertFKExists(
                "test_rmwsrf_rider", ["friend_id"], ("test_rmwsrf_rider", "id")
            )
            self.assertFKNotExists(
                "test_rmwsrf_rider", ["friend_id"], ("test_rmwsrf_horserider", "id")
            )
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_rmwsrf", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_rmwsrf_rider")
        self.assertTableExists("test_rmwsrf_horserider")
        if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
            self.assertFKNotExists(
                "test_rmwsrf_horserider", ["friend_id"], ("test_rmwsrf_rider", "id")
            )
            self.assertFKExists(
                "test_rmwsrf_horserider",
                ["friend_id"],
                ("test_rmwsrf_horserider", "id"),
            )
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_rmwsrf", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertTableExists("test_rmwsrf_rider")
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_rmwsrf_horserider")
        if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
            self.assertFKExists(
                "test_rmwsrf_rider", ["friend_id"], ("test_rmwsrf_rider", "id")
            )
            self.assertFKNotExists(
                "test_rmwsrf_rider", ["friend_id"], ("test_rmwsrf_horserider", "id")
            )

    def test_rename_model_with_superclass_fk(self):
        """
        Tests the RenameModel operation on a model which has a superclass that
        has a foreign key.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
            "test_rmwsc", related_model=True, mti_model=True
        )
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.RenameModel("ShetlandPony", "LittleHorse")
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(), "Rename model ShetlandPony to LittleHorse"
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_rmwsc", new_state)
        self.assertNotIn(("test_rmwsc", "shetlandpony"), new_state.models)
        self.assertIn(("test_rmwsc", "littlehorse"), new_state.models)
        # RenameModel shouldn't repoint the superclass's relations, only local ones
        self.assertEqual(
            project_state.models["test_rmwsc", "rider"]
            .fields["pony"]
            .remote_field.model,
            new_state.models["test_rmwsc", "rider"].fields["pony"].remote_field.model,
        )
        # Before running the migration we have a table for Shetland Pony, not
        # Little Horse.
        self.assertTableExists("test_rmwsc_shetlandpony")
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_rmwsc_littlehorse")
        if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
            # and the foreign key on rider points to pony, not shetland pony
            self.assertFKExists(
                "test_rmwsc_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rmwsc_pony", "id")
            )
            self.assertFKNotExists(
                "test_rmwsc_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rmwsc_shetlandpony", "id")
            )
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_rmwsc", editor, project_state, new_state)
        # Now we have a little horse table, not shetland pony
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_rmwsc_shetlandpony")
        self.assertTableExists("test_rmwsc_littlehorse")
        if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
            # but the Foreign keys still point at pony, not little horse
            self.assertFKExists(
                "test_rmwsc_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rmwsc_pony", "id")
            )
            self.assertFKNotExists(
                "test_rmwsc_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rmwsc_littlehorse", "id")
            )

    def test_rename_model_no_relations_with_db_table_noop(self):
        app_label = "test_rmwdbtnoop"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, db_table="my_pony")
        operation = migrations.RenameModel("Pony", "LittleHorse")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, self.assertNumQueries(0):
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
    def test_rename_model_with_db_table_and_fk_noop(self):
        app_label = "test_rmwdbtfk"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
            app_label, db_table="my_pony", related_model=True
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.RenameModel("Pony", "LittleHorse")
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, self.assertNumQueries(0):
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)

    def test_rename_model_with_self_referential_m2m(self):
        app_label = "test_rename_model_with_self_referential_m2m"

        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "ReflexivePony",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        ("ponies", models.ManyToManyField("self")),
                    ],
                ),
            ],
        )
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            project_state,
            operations=[
                migrations.RenameModel("ReflexivePony", "ReflexivePony2"),
            ],
        )
        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "ReflexivePony2")
        pony = Pony.objects.create()
        pony.ponies.add(pony)

    def test_rename_model_with_m2m(self):
        app_label = "test_rename_model_with_m2m"
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Rider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Pony",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        ("riders", models.ManyToManyField("Rider")),
                    ],
                ),
            ],
        )
        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        Rider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Rider")
        pony = Pony.objects.create()
        rider = Rider.objects.create()
        pony.riders.add(rider)

        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            project_state,
            operations=[
                migrations.RenameModel("Pony", "Pony2"),
            ],
        )
        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony2")
        Rider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Rider")
        pony = Pony.objects.create()
        rider = Rider.objects.create()
        pony.riders.add(rider)
        self.assertEqual(Pony.objects.count(), 2)
        self.assertEqual(Rider.objects.count(), 2)
        self.assertEqual(
            Pony._meta.get_field("riders").remote_field.through.objects.count(), 2
        )

    def test_rename_model_with_m2m_models_in_different_apps_with_same_name(self):
        app_label_1 = "test_rmw_m2m_1"
        app_label_2 = "test_rmw_m2m_2"
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label_1,
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Rider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                    ],
                ),
            ],
        )
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label_2,
            project_state,
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Rider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        ("riders", models.ManyToManyField(f"{app_label_1}.Rider")),
                    ],
                ),
            ],
        )
        m2m_table = f"{app_label_2}_rider_riders"
        self.assertColumnExists(m2m_table, "from_rider_id")
        self.assertColumnExists(m2m_table, "to_rider_id")

        Rider_1 = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label_1, "Rider")
        Rider_2 = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label_2, "Rider")
        rider_2 = Rider_2.objects.create()
        rider_2.riders.add(Rider_1.objects.create())
        # Rename model.
        project_state_2 = project_state.clone()
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label_2,
            project_state,
            operations=[migrations.RenameModel("Rider", "Pony")],
        )

        m2m_table = f"{app_label_2}_pony_riders"
        self.assertColumnExists(m2m_table, "pony_id")
        self.assertColumnExists(m2m_table, "rider_id")

        Rider_1 = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label_1, "Rider")
        Rider_2 = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label_2, "Pony")
        rider_2 = Rider_2.objects.create()
        rider_2.riders.add(Rider_1.objects.create())
        self.assertEqual(Rider_1.objects.count(), 2)
        self.assertEqual(Rider_2.objects.count(), 2)
        self.assertEqual(
            Rider_2._meta.get_field("riders").remote_field.through.objects.count(), 2
        )
        # Reversal.
        self.unapply_operations(
            app_label_2,
            project_state_2,
            operations=[migrations.RenameModel("Rider", "Pony")],
        )
        m2m_table = f"{app_label_2}_rider_riders"
        self.assertColumnExists(m2m_table, "to_rider_id")
        self.assertColumnExists(m2m_table, "from_rider_id")

    def test_rename_model_with_db_table_rename_m2m(self):
        app_label = "test_rmwdbrm2m"
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Rider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Pony",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        ("riders", models.ManyToManyField("Rider")),
                    ],
                    options={"db_table": "pony"},
                ),
            ],
        )
        new_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            project_state,
            operations=[migrations.RenameModel("Pony", "PinkPony")],
        )
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "PinkPony")
        Rider = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Rider")
        pony = Pony.objects.create()
        rider = Rider.objects.create()
        pony.riders.add(rider)

    def test_rename_m2m_target_model(self):
        app_label = "test_rename_m2m_target_model"
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Rider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Pony",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        ("riders", models.ManyToManyField("Rider")),
                    ],
                ),
            ],
        )
        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        Rider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Rider")
        pony = Pony.objects.create()
        rider = Rider.objects.create()
        pony.riders.add(rider)

        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            project_state,
            operations=[
                migrations.RenameModel("Rider", "Rider2"),
            ],
        )
        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        Rider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Rider2")
        pony = Pony.objects.create()
        rider = Rider.objects.create()
        pony.riders.add(rider)
        self.assertEqual(Pony.objects.count(), 2)
        self.assertEqual(Rider.objects.count(), 2)
        self.assertEqual(
            Pony._meta.get_field("riders").remote_field.through.objects.count(), 2
        )

    def test_rename_m2m_through_model(self):
        app_label = "test_rename_through"
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Rider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Pony",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "PonyRider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        (
                            "rider",
                            models.ForeignKey(
                                "test_rename_through.Rider", models.CASCADE
                            ),
                        ),
                        (
                            "pony",
                            models.ForeignKey(
                                "test_rename_through.Pony", models.CASCADE
                            ),
                        ),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "riders",
                    models.ManyToManyField(
                        "test_rename_through.Rider",
                        through="test_rename_through.PonyRider",
                    ),
                ),
            ],
        )
        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        Rider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Rider")
        PonyRider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "PonyRider")
        pony = Pony.objects.create()
        rider = Rider.objects.create()
        PonyRider.objects.create(pony=pony, rider=rider)

        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            project_state,
            operations=[
                migrations.RenameModel("PonyRider", "PonyRider2"),
            ],
        )
        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        Rider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Rider")
        PonyRider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "PonyRider2")
        pony = Pony.objects.first()
        rider = Rider.objects.create()
        PonyRider.objects.create(pony=pony, rider=rider)
        self.assertEqual(Pony.objects.count(), 1)
        self.assertEqual(Rider.objects.count(), 2)
        self.assertEqual(PonyRider.objects.count(), 2)
        self.assertEqual(pony.riders.count(), 2)

    def test_rename_m2m_model_after_rename_field(self):
        """RenameModel renames a many-to-many column after a RenameField."""
        app_label = "test_rename_multiple"
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Pony",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=20)),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Rider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        (
                            "pony",
                            models.ForeignKey(
                                "test_rename_multiple.Pony", models.CASCADE
                            ),
                        ),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "PonyRider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        ("riders", models.ManyToManyField("Rider")),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.RenameField(
                    model_name="pony", old_name="name", new_name="fancy_name"
                ),
                migrations.RenameModel(old_name="Rider", new_name="Jockey"),
            ],
        )
        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        Jockey = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Jockey")
        PonyRider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "PonyRider")
        # No "no such column" error means the column was renamed correctly.
        pony = Pony.objects.create(fancy_name="a good name")
        jockey = Jockey.objects.create(pony=pony)
        ponyrider = PonyRider.objects.create()
        ponyrider.riders.add(jockey)

    def test_add_field(self):
        """
        Tests the AddField operation.
        """
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.AddField(
            "Pony",
            "height",
            models.FloatField(null=True, default=5),
        )
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Add field height to Pony")
        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "pony_height")
        project_state, new_state = self.make_test_state("test_adfl", operation)
        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_adfl", "pony"].fields), 6)
        field = new_state.models["test_adfl", "pony"].fields["height"]
        self.assertEqual(field.default, 5)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_adfl_pony", "height")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_adfl", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnExists("test_adfl_pony", "height")
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards("test_adfl", editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_adfl_pony", "height")
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddField")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(sorted(definition[2]), ["field", "model_name", "name"])

    def test_add_charfield(self):
        """
        Tests the AddField operation on TextField.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_adchfl")

        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model("test_adchfl", "Pony")
        pony = Pony.objects.create(weight=42)

        new_state = self.apply_operations(
            "test_adchfl",
            project_state,
            [
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "text",
                    models.CharField(max_length=10, default="some text"),
                ),
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "empty",
                    models.CharField(max_length=10, default=""),
                ),
                # If not properly quoted digits would be interpreted as an int.
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "digits",
                    models.CharField(max_length=10, default="42"),
                ),
                # Manual quoting is fragile and could trip on quotes. Refs #xyz.
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "quotes",
                    models.CharField(max_length=10, default='"\'"'),
                ),
            ],
        )

        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_adchfl", "Pony")
        pony = Pony.objects.get(pk=pony.pk)
        self.assertEqual(pony.text, "some text")
        self.assertEqual(pony.empty, "")
        self.assertEqual(pony.digits, "42")
        self.assertEqual(pony.quotes, '"\'"')

    def test_add_textfield(self):
        """
        Tests the AddField operation on TextField.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_adtxtfl")

        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model("test_adtxtfl", "Pony")
        pony = Pony.objects.create(weight=42)

        new_state = self.apply_operations(
            "test_adtxtfl",
            project_state,
            [
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "text",
                    models.TextField(default="some text"),
                ),
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "empty",
                    models.TextField(default=""),
                ),
                # If not properly quoted digits would be interpreted as an int.
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "digits",
                    models.TextField(default="42"),
                ),
                # Manual quoting is fragile and could trip on quotes. Refs #xyz.
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "quotes",
                    models.TextField(default='"\'"'),
                ),
            ],
        )

        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_adtxtfl", "Pony")
        pony = Pony.objects.get(pk=pony.pk)
        self.assertEqual(pony.text, "some text")
        self.assertEqual(pony.empty, "")
        self.assertEqual(pony.digits, "42")
        self.assertEqual(pony.quotes, '"\'"')

    def test_add_binaryfield(self):
        """
        Tests the AddField operation on TextField/BinaryField.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_adbinfl")

        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model("test_adbinfl", "Pony")
        pony = Pony.objects.create(weight=42)

        new_state = self.apply_operations(
            "test_adbinfl",
            project_state,
            [
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "blob",
                    models.BinaryField(default=b"some text"),
                ),
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "empty",
                    models.BinaryField(default=b""),
                ),
                # If not properly quoted digits would be interpreted as an int.
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "digits",
                    models.BinaryField(default=b"42"),
                ),
                # Manual quoting is fragile and could trip on quotes. Refs #xyz.
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "quotes",
                    models.BinaryField(default=b'"\'"'),
                ),
            ],
        )

        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_adbinfl", "Pony")
        pony = Pony.objects.get(pk=pony.pk)
        # SQLite returns buffer/memoryview, cast to bytes for checking.
        self.assertEqual(bytes(pony.blob), b"some text")
        self.assertEqual(bytes(pony.empty), b"")
        self.assertEqual(bytes(pony.digits), b"42")
        self.assertEqual(bytes(pony.quotes), b'"\'"')

    def test_column_name_quoting(self):
        """
        Column names that are SQL keywords shouldn't cause problems when used
        in migrations (#22168).
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_regr22168")
        operation = migrations.AddField(
            "Pony",
            "order",
            models.IntegerField(default=0),
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_regr22168", new_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(
                "test_regr22168", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        self.assertColumnExists("test_regr22168_pony", "order")

    def test_add_field_preserve_default(self):
        """
        Tests the AddField operation's state alteration
        when preserve_default = False.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_adflpd")
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.AddField(
            "Pony",
            "height",
            models.FloatField(null=True, default=4),
            preserve_default=False,
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_adflpd", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_adflpd", "pony"].fields), 6)
        field = new_state.models["test_adflpd", "pony"].fields["height"]
        self.assertEqual(field.default, models.NOT_PROVIDED)
        # Test the database alteration
        project_state.apps.get_model("test_adflpd", "pony").objects.create(
            weight=4,
        )
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_adflpd_pony", "height")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_adflpd", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnExists("test_adflpd_pony", "height")
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddField")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            sorted(definition[2]), ["field", "model_name", "name", "preserve_default"]
        )

    def test_add_field_database_default(self):
        """The AddField operation can set and unset a database default."""
        app_label = "test_adfldd"
        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        operation = migrations.AddField(
            "Pony", "height", models.FloatField(null=True, db_default=4)
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields), 6)
        field = new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["height"]
        self.assertEqual(field.default, models.NOT_PROVIDED)
        self.assertEqual(field.db_default, Value(4))
        project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create(weight=4)
        self.assertColumnNotExists(table_name, "height")
        # Add field.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnExists(table_name, "height")
        new_model = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony")
        old_pony = new_model.objects.get()
        self.assertEqual(old_pony.height, 4)
        new_pony = new_model.objects.create(weight=5)
        if not connection.features.can_return_columns_from_insert:
            new_pony.refresh_from_db()
        self.assertEqual(new_pony.height, 4)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertColumnNotExists(table_name, "height")
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddField")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2],
            {
                "field": field,
                "model_name": "Pony",
                "name": "height",
            },
        )

    def test_add_field_database_default_special_char_escaping(self):
        app_label = "test_adflddsce"
        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        old_pony_pk = (
            project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create(weight=4).pk
        )
        tests = ["%", "'", '"']
        for db_default in tests:
            with self.subTest(db_default=db_default):
                operation = migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "special_char",
                    models.CharField(max_length=1, db_default=db_default),
                )
                new_state = project_state.clone()
                operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
                self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields), 6)
                field = new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["special_char"]
                self.assertEqual(field.default, models.NOT_PROVIDED)
                self.assertEqual(field.db_default, Value(db_default))
                self.assertColumnNotExists(table_name, "special_char")
                with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                    operation.database_forwards(
                        app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
                    )
                self.assertColumnExists(table_name, "special_char")
                new_model = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony")
                try:
                    new_pony = new_model.objects.create(weight=5)
                    if not connection.features.can_return_columns_from_insert:
                        new_pony.refresh_from_db()
                    self.assertEqual(new_pony.special_char, db_default)

                    old_pony = new_model.objects.get(pk=old_pony_pk)
                    if connection.vendor != "oracle" or db_default != "'":
                        # The single quotation mark ' is properly quoted and is
                        # set for new rows on Oracle, however it is not set on
                        # existing rows. Skip the assertion as it's probably a
                        # bug in Oracle.
                        self.assertEqual(old_pony.special_char, db_default)
                finally:
                    with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                        operation.database_backwards(
                            app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
                        )

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_defaults")
    def test_add_field_database_default_function(self):
        app_label = "test_adflddf"
        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        operation = migrations.AddField(
            "Pony", "height", models.FloatField(db_default=Pi())
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields), 6)
        field = new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["height"]
        self.assertEqual(field.default, models.NOT_PROVIDED)
        self.assertEqual(field.db_default, Pi())
        project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create(weight=4)
        self.assertColumnNotExists(table_name, "height")
        # Add field.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnExists(table_name, "height")
        new_model = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony")
        old_pony = new_model.objects.get()
        self.assertAlmostEqual(old_pony.height, math.pi)
        new_pony = new_model.objects.create(weight=5)
        if not connection.features.can_return_columns_from_insert:
            new_pony.refresh_from_db()
        self.assertAlmostEqual(old_pony.height, math.pi)

    def test_add_field_both_defaults(self):
        """The AddField operation with both default and db_default."""
        app_label = "test_adflbddd"
        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        operation = migrations.AddField(
            "Pony", "height", models.FloatField(default=3, db_default=4)
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields), 6)
        field = new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["height"]
        self.assertEqual(field.default, 3)
        self.assertEqual(field.db_default, Value(4))
        pre_pony_pk = (
            project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create(weight=4).pk
        )
        self.assertColumnNotExists(table_name, "height")
        # Add field.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnExists(table_name, "height")
        post_pony_pk = (
            project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create(weight=10).pk
        )
        new_model = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony")
        pre_pony = new_model.objects.get(pk=pre_pony_pk)
        self.assertEqual(pre_pony.height, 4)
        post_pony = new_model.objects.get(pk=post_pony_pk)
        self.assertEqual(post_pony.height, 4)
        new_pony = new_model.objects.create(weight=5)
        if not connection.features.can_return_columns_from_insert:
            new_pony.refresh_from_db()
        self.assertEqual(new_pony.height, 3)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertColumnNotExists(table_name, "height")
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddField")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2],
            {
                "field": field,
                "model_name": "Pony",
                "name": "height",
            },
        )

    def test_add_field_m2m(self):
        """
        Tests the AddField operation with a ManyToManyField.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_adflmm", second_model=True)
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.AddField(
            "Pony", "stables", models.ManyToManyField("Stable", related_name="ponies")
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_adflmm", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_adflmm", "pony"].fields), 6)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_adflmm_pony_stables")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_adflmm", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableExists("test_adflmm_pony_stables")
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_adflmm_pony", "stables")
        # Make sure the M2M field actually works
        with atomic():
            Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_adflmm", "Pony")
            p = Pony.objects.create(pink=False, weight=4.55)
            p.stables.create()
            self.assertEqual(p.stables.count(), 1)
            p.stables.all().delete()
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_adflmm", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_adflmm_pony_stables")

    def test_alter_field_m2m(self):
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alflmm", second_model=True)

        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            "test_alflmm",
            project_state,
            operations=[
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "stables",
                    models.ManyToManyField("Stable", related_name="ponies"),
                )
            ],
        )
        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model("test_alflmm", "Pony")
        self.assertFalse(Pony._meta.get_field("stables").blank)

        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            "test_alflmm",
            project_state,
            operations=[
                migrations.AlterField(
                    "Pony",
                    "stables",
                    models.ManyToManyField(
                        to="Stable", related_name="ponies", blank=True
                    ),
                )
            ],
        )
        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model("test_alflmm", "Pony")
        self.assertTrue(Pony._meta.get_field("stables").blank)

    def test_repoint_field_m2m(self):
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
            "test_alflmm", second_model=True, third_model=True
        )

        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            "test_alflmm",
            project_state,
            operations=[
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "places",
                    models.ManyToManyField("Stable", related_name="ponies"),
                )
            ],
        )
        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model("test_alflmm", "Pony")

        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            "test_alflmm",
            project_state,
            operations=[
                migrations.AlterField(
                    "Pony",
                    "places",
                    models.ManyToManyField(to="Van", related_name="ponies"),
                )
            ],
        )

        # Ensure the new field actually works
        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model("test_alflmm", "Pony")
        p = Pony.objects.create(pink=False, weight=4.55)
        p.places.create()
        self.assertEqual(p.places.count(), 1)
        p.places.all().delete()

    def test_remove_field_m2m(self):
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_rmflmm", second_model=True)

        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            "test_rmflmm",
            project_state,
            operations=[
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "stables",
                    models.ManyToManyField("Stable", related_name="ponies"),
                )
            ],
        )
        self.assertTableExists("test_rmflmm_pony_stables")

        with_field_state = project_state.clone()
        operations = [migrations.RemoveField("Pony", "stables")]
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            "test_rmflmm", project_state, operations=operations
        )
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_rmflmm_pony_stables")

        # And test reversal
        self.unapply_operations("test_rmflmm", with_field_state, operations=operations)
        self.assertTableExists("test_rmflmm_pony_stables")

    def test_remove_field_m2m_with_through(self):
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_rmflmmwt", second_model=True)

        self.assertTableNotExists("test_rmflmmwt_ponystables")
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            "test_rmflmmwt",
            project_state,
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "PonyStables",
                    fields=[
                        (
                            "pony",
                            models.ForeignKey("test_rmflmmwt.Pony", models.CASCADE),
                        ),
                        (
                            "stable",
                            models.ForeignKey("test_rmflmmwt.Stable", models.CASCADE),
                        ),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "stables",
                    models.ManyToManyField(
                        "Stable",
                        related_name="ponies",
                        through="test_rmflmmwt.PonyStables",
                    ),
                ),
            ],
        )
        self.assertTableExists("test_rmflmmwt_ponystables")

        operations = [
            migrations.RemoveField("Pony", "stables"),
            migrations.DeleteModel("PonyStables"),
        ]
        self.apply_operations("test_rmflmmwt", project_state, operations=operations)

    def test_remove_field(self):
        """
        Tests the RemoveField operation.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_rmfl")
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.RemoveField("Pony", "pink")
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Remove field pink from Pony")
        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "remove_pony_pink")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_rmfl", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_rmfl", "pony"].fields), 4)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rmfl_pony", "pink")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_rmfl", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_rmfl_pony", "pink")
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards("test_rmfl", editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rmfl_pony", "pink")
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RemoveField")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"model_name": "Pony", "name": "pink"})

    def test_remove_fk(self):
        """
        Tests the RemoveField operation on a foreign key.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_rfk", related_model=True)
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfk_rider", "pony_id")
        operation = migrations.RemoveField("Rider", "pony")

        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_rfk", new_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_rfk", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_rfk_rider", "pony_id")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards("test_rfk", editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfk_rider", "pony_id")

    def test_alter_model_table(self):
        """
        Tests the AlterModelTable operation.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_almota")
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.AlterModelTable("Pony", "test_almota_pony_2")
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(), "Rename table for Pony to test_almota_pony_2"
        )
        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "alter_pony_table")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_almota", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models["test_almota", "pony"].options["db_table"],
            "test_almota_pony_2",
        )
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertTableExists("test_almota_pony")
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_almota_pony_2")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_almota", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_almota_pony")
        self.assertTableExists("test_almota_pony_2")
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_almota", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertTableExists("test_almota_pony")
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_almota_pony_2")
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AlterModelTable")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"name": "Pony", "table": "test_almota_pony_2"})

    def test_alter_model_table_none(self):
        """
        Tests the AlterModelTable operation if the table name is set to None.
        """
        operation = migrations.AlterModelTable("Pony", None)
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Rename table for Pony to (default)")

    def test_alter_model_table_noop(self):
        """
        Tests the AlterModelTable operation if the table name is not changed.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_almota")
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.AlterModelTable("Pony", "test_almota_pony")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_almota", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models["test_almota", "pony"].options["db_table"],
            "test_almota_pony",
        )
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertTableExists("test_almota_pony")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_almota", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableExists("test_almota_pony")
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_almota", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertTableExists("test_almota_pony")

    def test_alter_model_table_m2m(self):
        """
        AlterModelTable should rename auto-generated M2M tables.
        """
        app_label = "test_talflmltlm2m"
        pony_db_table = "pony_foo"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
            app_label, second_model=True, db_table=pony_db_table
        )
        # Add the M2M field
        first_state = project_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.AddField(
            "Pony", "stables", models.ManyToManyField("Stable")
        )
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, first_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, first_state)
        original_m2m_table = "%s_%s" % (pony_db_table, "stables")
        new_m2m_table = "%s_%s" % (app_label, "pony_stables")
        self.assertTableExists(original_m2m_table)
        self.assertTableNotExists(new_m2m_table)
        # Rename the Pony db_table which should also rename the m2m table.
        second_state = first_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.AlterModelTable(name="pony", table=None)
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, second_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, first_state, second_state)
        self.assertTableExists(new_m2m_table)
        self.assertTableNotExists(original_m2m_table)
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, second_state, first_state)
        self.assertTableExists(original_m2m_table)
        self.assertTableNotExists(new_m2m_table)

    def test_alter_model_table_m2m_field(self):
        app_label = "test_talm2mfl"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, second_model=True)
        # Add the M2M field.
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            project_state,
            operations=[
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "stables",
                    models.ManyToManyField("Stable"),
                )
            ],
        )
        m2m_table = f"{app_label}_pony_stables"
        self.assertColumnExists(m2m_table, "pony_id")
        self.assertColumnExists(m2m_table, "stable_id")
        # Point the M2M field to self.
        with_field_state = project_state.clone()
        operations = [
            migrations.AlterField(
                model_name="Pony",
                name="stables",
                field=models.ManyToManyField("self"),
            )
        ]
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label, project_state, operations=operations
        )
        self.assertColumnExists(m2m_table, "from_pony_id")
        self.assertColumnExists(m2m_table, "to_pony_id")
        # Reversal.
        self.unapply_operations(app_label, with_field_state, operations=operations)
        self.assertColumnExists(m2m_table, "pony_id")
        self.assertColumnExists(m2m_table, "stable_id")

    def test_alter_field(self):
        """
        Tests the AlterField operation.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alfl")
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Pony", "pink", models.IntegerField(null=True)
        )
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Alter field pink on Pony")
        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "alter_pony_pink")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_alfl", new_state)
        self.assertIs(
            project_state.models["test_alfl", "pony"].fields["pink"].null, False
        )
        self.assertIs(new_state.models["test_alfl", "pony"].fields["pink"].null, True)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertColumnNotNull("test_alfl_pony", "pink")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_alfl", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnNull("test_alfl_pony", "pink")
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards("test_alfl", editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertColumnNotNull("test_alfl_pony", "pink")
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AlterField")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(sorted(definition[2]), ["field", "model_name", "name"])

    def test_alter_field_add_database_default(self):
        app_label = "test_alfladd"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Pony", "weight", models.FloatField(db_default=4.5)
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        old_weight = project_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["weight"]
        self.assertIs(old_weight.db_default, models.NOT_PROVIDED)
        new_weight = new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["weight"]
        self.assertEqual(new_weight.db_default, Value(4.5))
        with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
            project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create()
        # Alter field.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create()
        if not connection.features.can_return_columns_from_insert:
            pony.refresh_from_db()
        self.assertEqual(pony.weight, 4.5)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
            project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create()
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AlterField")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2],
            {
                "field": new_weight,
                "model_name": "Pony",
                "name": "weight",
            },
        )

    def test_alter_field_change_default_to_database_default(self):
        """The AlterField operation changing default to db_default."""
        app_label = "test_alflcdtdd"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Pony", "pink", models.IntegerField(db_default=4)
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        old_pink = project_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["pink"]
        self.assertEqual(old_pink.default, 3)
        self.assertIs(old_pink.db_default, models.NOT_PROVIDED)
        new_pink = new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["pink"]
        self.assertIs(new_pink.default, models.NOT_PROVIDED)
        self.assertEqual(new_pink.db_default, Value(4))
        pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create(weight=1)
        self.assertEqual(pony.pink, 3)
        # Alter field.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create(weight=1)
        if not connection.features.can_return_columns_from_insert:
            pony.refresh_from_db()
        self.assertEqual(pony.pink, 4)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create(weight=1)
        self.assertEqual(pony.pink, 3)

    def test_alter_field_change_nullable_to_database_default_not_null(self):
        """
        The AlterField operation changing a null field to db_default.
        """
        app_label = "test_alflcntddnn"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Pony", "green", models.IntegerField(db_default=4)
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        old_green = project_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["green"]
        self.assertIs(old_green.db_default, models.NOT_PROVIDED)
        new_green = new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["green"]
        self.assertEqual(new_green.db_default, Value(4))
        old_pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create(
            weight=1
        )
        self.assertIsNone(old_pony.green)
        # Alter field.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        old_pony.refresh_from_db()
        self.assertEqual(old_pony.green, 4)
        pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create(weight=1)
        if not connection.features.can_return_columns_from_insert:
            pony.refresh_from_db()
        self.assertEqual(pony.green, 4)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create(weight=1)
        self.assertIsNone(pony.green)

    @skipIfDBFeature("interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls")
    def test_alter_field_change_blank_nullable_database_default_to_not_null(self):
        app_label = "test_alflcbnddnn"
        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        default = "Yellow"
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Pony",
            "yellow",
            models.CharField(blank=True, db_default=default, max_length=20),
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertColumnNull(table_name, "yellow")
        pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create(
            weight=1, yellow=None
        )
        self.assertIsNone(pony.yellow)
        # Alter field.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnNotNull(table_name, "yellow")
        pony.refresh_from_db()
        self.assertEqual(pony.yellow, default)
        pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create(weight=1)
        if not connection.features.can_return_columns_from_insert:
            pony.refresh_from_db()
        self.assertEqual(pony.yellow, default)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertColumnNull(table_name, "yellow")
        pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "pony").objects.create(
            weight=1, yellow=None
        )
        self.assertIsNone(pony.yellow)

    def test_alter_field_add_db_column_noop(self):
        """
        AlterField operation is a noop when adding only a db_column and the
        column name is not changed.
        """
        app_label = "test_afadbn"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, related_model=True)
        pony_table = "%s_pony" % app_label
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Pony", "weight", models.FloatField(db_column="weight")
        )
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertIsNone(
            project_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["weight"].db_column,
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["weight"].db_column,
            "weight",
        )
        self.assertColumnExists(pony_table, "weight")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            with self.assertNumQueries(0):
                operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnExists(pony_table, "weight")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            with self.assertNumQueries(0):
                operation.database_backwards(
                    app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
                )
        self.assertColumnExists(pony_table, "weight")

        rider_table = "%s_rider" % app_label
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Rider",
            "pony",
            models.ForeignKey("Pony", models.CASCADE, db_column="pony_id"),
        )
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertIsNone(
            project_state.models[app_label, "rider"].fields["pony"].db_column,
        )
        self.assertIs(
            new_state.models[app_label, "rider"].fields["pony"].db_column,
            "pony_id",
        )
        self.assertColumnExists(rider_table, "pony_id")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            with self.assertNumQueries(0):
                operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnExists(rider_table, "pony_id")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            with self.assertNumQueries(0):
                operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertColumnExists(rider_table, "pony_id")

    def test_alter_field_foreignobject_noop(self):
        app_label = "test_alflfo_noop"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            project_state,
            [
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Rider",
                    fields=[
                        ("pony_id", models.IntegerField()),
                        (
                            "pony",
                            models.ForeignObject(
                                f"{app_label}.Pony",
                                models.CASCADE,
                                from_fields=("pony_id",),
                                to_fields=("id",),
                            ),
                        ),
                    ],
                ),
            ],
        )
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Rider",
            "pony",
            models.ForeignObject(
                f"{app_label}.Pony",
                models.CASCADE,
                from_fields=("pony_id",),
                to_fields=("id",),
                null=True,
            ),
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        with (
            CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx,
            connection.schema_editor() as editor,
        ):
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertIs(
            any("ALTER" in query["sql"] for query in ctx.captured_queries), False
        )

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_comments")
    def test_alter_model_table_comment(self):
        app_label = "test_almotaco"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        pony_table = f"{app_label}_pony"
        # Add table comment.
        operation = migrations.AlterModelTableComment("Pony", "Custom pony comment")
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Alter Pony table comment")
        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "alter_pony_table_comment")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["db_table_comment"],
            "Custom pony comment",
        )
        self.assertTableCommentNotExists(pony_table)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableComment(pony_table, "Custom pony comment")
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertTableCommentNotExists(pony_table)
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AlterModelTableComment")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2], {"name": "Pony", "table_comment": "Custom pony comment"}
        )

    def test_alter_field_pk(self):
        """
        The AlterField operation on primary keys (things like PostgreSQL's
        SERIAL weirdness).
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alflpk")
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Pony", "id", models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_alflpk", new_state)
        self.assertIsInstance(
            project_state.models["test_alflpk", "pony"].fields["id"],
            models.AutoField,
        )
        self.assertIsInstance(
            new_state.models["test_alflpk", "pony"].fields["id"],
            models.IntegerField,
        )
        # Test the database alteration
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_alflpk", editor, project_state, new_state)
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_alflpk", editor, new_state, project_state
            )

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
    def test_alter_field_pk_fk(self):
        """
        Tests the AlterField operation on primary keys changes any FKs pointing to it.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alflpkfk", related_model=True)
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            "test_alflpkfk",
            project_state,
            [
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Stable",
                    fields=[
                        ("ponies", models.ManyToManyField("Pony")),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.AddField(
                    "Pony",
                    "stables",
                    models.ManyToManyField("Stable"),
                ),
            ],
        )
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Pony", "id", models.FloatField(primary_key=True)
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_alflpkfk", new_state)
        self.assertIsInstance(
            project_state.models["test_alflpkfk", "pony"].fields["id"],
            models.AutoField,
        )
        self.assertIsInstance(
            new_state.models["test_alflpkfk", "pony"].fields["id"],
            models.FloatField,
        )

        def assertIdTypeEqualsFkType():
            with connection.cursor() as cursor:
                id_type, id_null = [
                    (c.type_code, c.null_ok)
                    for c in connection.introspection.get_table_description(
                        cursor, "test_alflpkfk_pony"
                    )
                    if c.name == "id"
                ][0]
                fk_type, fk_null = [
                    (c.type_code, c.null_ok)
                    for c in connection.introspection.get_table_description(
                        cursor, "test_alflpkfk_rider"
                    )
                    if c.name == "pony_id"
                ][0]
                m2m_fk_type, m2m_fk_null = [
                    (c.type_code, c.null_ok)
                    for c in connection.introspection.get_table_description(
                        cursor,
                        "test_alflpkfk_pony_stables",
                    )
                    if c.name == "pony_id"
                ][0]
                remote_m2m_fk_type, remote_m2m_fk_null = [
                    (c.type_code, c.null_ok)
                    for c in connection.introspection.get_table_description(
                        cursor,
                        "test_alflpkfk_stable_ponies",
                    )
                    if c.name == "pony_id"
                ][0]
            self.assertEqual(id_type, fk_type)
            self.assertEqual(id_type, m2m_fk_type)
            self.assertEqual(id_type, remote_m2m_fk_type)
            self.assertEqual(id_null, fk_null)
            self.assertEqual(id_null, m2m_fk_null)
            self.assertEqual(id_null, remote_m2m_fk_null)

        assertIdTypeEqualsFkType()
        # Test the database alteration
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(
                "test_alflpkfk", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        assertIdTypeEqualsFkType()
        if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
            self.assertFKExists(
                "test_alflpkfk_pony_stables",
                ["pony_id"],
                ("test_alflpkfk_pony", "id"),
            )
            self.assertFKExists(
                "test_alflpkfk_stable_ponies",
                ["pony_id"],
                ("test_alflpkfk_pony", "id"),
            )
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_alflpkfk", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        assertIdTypeEqualsFkType()
        if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
            self.assertFKExists(
                "test_alflpkfk_pony_stables",
                ["pony_id"],
                ("test_alflpkfk_pony", "id"),
            )
            self.assertFKExists(
                "test_alflpkfk_stable_ponies",
                ["pony_id"],
                ("test_alflpkfk_pony", "id"),
            )

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_collation_on_charfield", "supports_foreign_keys")
    def test_alter_field_pk_fk_db_collation(self):
        """
        AlterField operation of db_collation on primary keys changes any FKs
        pointing to it.
        """
        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("non_default")
        if not collation:
            self.skipTest("Language collations are not supported.")

        app_label = "test_alflpkfkdbc"
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            ProjectState(),
            [
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Pony",
                    [
                        ("id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=10)),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Rider",
                    [
                        ("pony", models.ForeignKey("Pony", models.CASCADE)),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Stable",
                    [
                        ("ponies", models.ManyToManyField("Pony")),
                    ],
                ),
            ],
        )
        # State alteration.
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Pony",
            "id",
            models.CharField(
                primary_key=True,
                max_length=10,
                db_collation=collation,
            ),
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        # Database alteration.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnCollation(f"{app_label}_pony", "id", collation)
        self.assertColumnCollation(f"{app_label}_rider", "pony_id", collation)
        self.assertColumnCollation(f"{app_label}_stable_ponies", "pony_id", collation)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)

    def test_alter_field_pk_mti_fk(self):
        app_label = "test_alflpkmtifk"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, mti_model=True)
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            project_state,
            [
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "ShetlandRider",
                    fields=[
                        (
                            "pony",
                            models.ForeignKey(
                                f"{app_label}.ShetlandPony", models.CASCADE
                            ),
                        ),
                    ],
                ),
            ],
        )
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Pony",
            "id",
            models.BigAutoField(primary_key=True),
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertIsInstance(
            new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["id"],
            models.BigAutoField,
        )

        def _get_column_id_type(cursor, table, column):
            return [
                c.type_code
                for c in connection.introspection.get_table_description(
                    cursor,
                    f"{app_label}_{table}",
                )
                if c.name == column
            ][0]

        def assertIdTypeEqualsMTIFkType():
            with connection.cursor() as cursor:
                parent_id_type = _get_column_id_type(cursor, "pony", "id")
                child_id_type = _get_column_id_type(
                    cursor, "shetlandpony", "pony_ptr_id"
                )
                mti_id_type = _get_column_id_type(cursor, "shetlandrider", "pony_id")
            self.assertEqual(parent_id_type, child_id_type)
            self.assertEqual(parent_id_type, mti_id_type)

        assertIdTypeEqualsMTIFkType()
        # Alter primary key.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        assertIdTypeEqualsMTIFkType()
        if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
            self.assertFKExists(
                f"{app_label}_shetlandpony",
                ["pony_ptr_id"],
                (f"{app_label}_pony", "id"),
            )
            self.assertFKExists(
                f"{app_label}_shetlandrider",
                ["pony_id"],
                (f"{app_label}_shetlandpony", "pony_ptr_id"),
            )
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        assertIdTypeEqualsMTIFkType()
        if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
            self.assertFKExists(
                f"{app_label}_shetlandpony",
                ["pony_ptr_id"],
                (f"{app_label}_pony", "id"),
            )
            self.assertFKExists(
                f"{app_label}_shetlandrider",
                ["pony_id"],
                (f"{app_label}_shetlandpony", "pony_ptr_id"),
            )

    def test_alter_field_pk_mti_and_fk_to_base(self):
        app_label = "test_alflpkmtiftb"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
            app_label,
            mti_model=True,
            related_model=True,
        )
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Pony",
            "id",
            models.BigAutoField(primary_key=True),
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertIsInstance(
            new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["id"],
            models.BigAutoField,
        )

        def _get_column_id_type(cursor, table, column):
            return [
                c.type_code
                for c in connection.introspection.get_table_description(
                    cursor,
                    f"{app_label}_{table}",
                )
                if c.name == column
            ][0]

        def assertIdTypeEqualsMTIFkType():
            with connection.cursor() as cursor:
                parent_id_type = _get_column_id_type(cursor, "pony", "id")
                fk_id_type = _get_column_id_type(cursor, "rider", "pony_id")
                child_id_type = _get_column_id_type(
                    cursor, "shetlandpony", "pony_ptr_id"
                )
            self.assertEqual(parent_id_type, child_id_type)
            self.assertEqual(parent_id_type, fk_id_type)

        assertIdTypeEqualsMTIFkType()
        # Alter primary key.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        assertIdTypeEqualsMTIFkType()
        if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
            self.assertFKExists(
                f"{app_label}_shetlandpony",
                ["pony_ptr_id"],
                (f"{app_label}_pony", "id"),
            )
            self.assertFKExists(
                f"{app_label}_rider",
                ["pony_id"],
                (f"{app_label}_pony", "id"),
            )
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        assertIdTypeEqualsMTIFkType()
        if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
            self.assertFKExists(
                f"{app_label}_shetlandpony",
                ["pony_ptr_id"],
                (f"{app_label}_pony", "id"),
            )
            self.assertFKExists(
                f"{app_label}_rider",
                ["pony_id"],
                (f"{app_label}_pony", "id"),
            )

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
    def test_alter_field_reloads_state_on_fk_with_to_field_target_type_change(self):
        app_label = "test_alflrsfkwtflttc"
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Rider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        ("code", models.IntegerField(unique=True)),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Pony",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        (
                            "rider",
                            models.ForeignKey(
                                "%s.Rider" % app_label, models.CASCADE, to_field="code"
                            ),
                        ),
                    ],
                ),
            ],
        )
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Rider",
            "code",
            models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True),
        )
        self.apply_operations(app_label, project_state, operations=[operation])
        id_type, id_null = [
            (c.type_code, c.null_ok)
            for c in self.get_table_description("%s_rider" % app_label)
            if c.name == "code"
        ][0]
        fk_type, fk_null = [
            (c.type_code, c.null_ok)
            for c in self.get_table_description("%s_pony" % app_label)
            if c.name == "rider_id"
        ][0]
        self.assertEqual(id_type, fk_type)
        self.assertEqual(id_null, fk_null)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
    def test_alter_field_reloads_state_fk_with_to_field_related_name_target_type_change(
        self,
    ):
        app_label = "test_alflrsfkwtflrnttc"
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Rider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        ("code", models.PositiveIntegerField(unique=True)),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Pony",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        (
                            "rider",
                            models.ForeignKey(
                                "%s.Rider" % app_label,
                                models.CASCADE,
                                to_field="code",
                                related_name="+",
                            ),
                        ),
                    ],
                ),
            ],
        )
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Rider",
            "code",
            models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True),
        )
        self.apply_operations(app_label, project_state, operations=[operation])

    def test_alter_field_reloads_state_on_fk_target_changes(self):
        """
        If AlterField doesn't reload state appropriately, the second AlterField
        crashes on MySQL due to not dropping the PonyRider.pony foreign key
        constraint before modifying the column.
        """
        app_label = "alter_alter_field_reloads_state_on_fk_target_changes"
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Rider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Pony",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
                        (
                            "rider",
                            models.ForeignKey("%s.Rider" % app_label, models.CASCADE),
                        ),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "PonyRider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        (
                            "pony",
                            models.ForeignKey("%s.Pony" % app_label, models.CASCADE),
                        ),
                    ],
                ),
            ],
        )
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            project_state,
            operations=[
                migrations.AlterField(
                    "Rider", "id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=99)
                ),
                migrations.AlterField(
                    "Pony", "id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=99)
                ),
            ],
        )

    def test_alter_field_reloads_state_on_fk_with_to_field_target_changes(self):
        """
        If AlterField doesn't reload state appropriately, the second AlterField
        crashes on MySQL due to not dropping the PonyRider.pony foreign key
        constraint before modifying the column.
        """
        app_label = "alter_alter_field_reloads_state_on_fk_with_to_field_target_changes"
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Rider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
                        ("slug", models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=100)),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Pony",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
                        (
                            "rider",
                            models.ForeignKey(
                                "%s.Rider" % app_label, models.CASCADE, to_field="slug"
                            ),
                        ),
                        ("slug", models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=100)),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "PonyRider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        (
                            "pony",
                            models.ForeignKey(
                                "%s.Pony" % app_label, models.CASCADE, to_field="slug"
                            ),
                        ),
                    ],
                ),
            ],
        )
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            project_state,
            operations=[
                migrations.AlterField(
                    "Rider", "slug", models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=99)
                ),
                migrations.AlterField(
                    "Pony", "slug", models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=99)
                ),
            ],
        )

    def test_alter_field_pk_fk_char_to_int(self):
        app_label = "alter_field_pk_fk_char_to_int"
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    name="Parent",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.CharField(max_length=255, primary_key=True)),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    name="Child",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.BigAutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        (
                            "parent",
                            models.ForeignKey(
                                f"{app_label}.Parent",
                                on_delete=models.CASCADE,
                            ),
                        ),
                    ],
                ),
            ],
        )
        self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            project_state,
            operations=[
                migrations.AlterField(
                    model_name="parent",
                    name="id",
                    field=models.BigIntegerField(primary_key=True),
                ),
            ],
        )

    def test_rename_field_reloads_state_on_fk_target_changes(self):
        """
        If RenameField doesn't reload state appropriately, the AlterField
        crashes on MySQL due to not dropping the PonyRider.pony foreign key
        constraint before modifying the column.
        """
        app_label = "alter_rename_field_reloads_state_on_fk_target_changes"
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Rider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Pony",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
                        (
                            "rider",
                            models.ForeignKey("%s.Rider" % app_label, models.CASCADE),
                        ),
                    ],
                ),
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "PonyRider",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        (
                            "pony",
                            models.ForeignKey("%s.Pony" % app_label, models.CASCADE),
                        ),
                    ],
                ),
            ],
        )
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            project_state,
            operations=[
                migrations.RenameField("Rider", "id", "id2"),
                migrations.AlterField(
                    "Pony", "id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=99)
                ),
            ],
        )

    def test_rename_field(self):
        """
        Tests the RenameField operation.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_rnfl")
        operation = migrations.RenameField("Pony", "pink", "blue")
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Rename field pink on Pony to blue")
        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "rename_pink_pony_blue")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_rnfl", new_state)
        self.assertIn("blue", new_state.models["test_rnfl", "pony"].fields)
        self.assertNotIn("pink", new_state.models["test_rnfl", "pony"].fields)
        # Rename field.
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rnfl_pony", "pink")
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_rnfl_pony", "blue")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_rnfl", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rnfl_pony", "blue")
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_rnfl_pony", "pink")
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards("test_rnfl", editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rnfl_pony", "pink")
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_rnfl_pony", "blue")
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RenameField")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2],
            {"model_name": "Pony", "old_name": "pink", "new_name": "blue"},
        )

    def test_rename_field_unique_together(self):
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_rnflut", unique_together=True)
        operation = migrations.RenameField("Pony", "pink", "blue")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_rnflut", new_state)
        # unique_together has the renamed column.
        self.assertIn(
            "blue",
            new_state.models["test_rnflut", "pony"].options["unique_together"][0],
        )
        self.assertNotIn(
            "pink",
            new_state.models["test_rnflut", "pony"].options["unique_together"][0],
        )
        # Rename field.
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rnflut_pony", "pink")
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_rnflut_pony", "blue")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_rnflut", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rnflut_pony", "blue")
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_rnflut_pony", "pink")
        # The unique constraint has been ported over.
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.execute("INSERT INTO test_rnflut_pony (blue, weight) VALUES (1, 1)")
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                with atomic():
                    cursor.execute(
                        "INSERT INTO test_rnflut_pony (blue, weight) VALUES (1, 1)"
                    )
            cursor.execute("DELETE FROM test_rnflut_pony")
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_rnflut", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rnflut_pony", "pink")
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_rnflut_pony", "blue")

    @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango51Warning)
    def test_rename_field_index_together(self):
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_rnflit", index_together=True)
        operation = migrations.RenameField("Pony", "pink", "blue")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_rnflit", new_state)
        self.assertIn("blue", new_state.models["test_rnflit", "pony"].fields)
        self.assertNotIn("pink", new_state.models["test_rnflit", "pony"].fields)
        # index_together has the renamed column.
        self.assertIn(
            "blue", new_state.models["test_rnflit", "pony"].options["index_together"][0]
        )
        self.assertNotIn(
            "pink", new_state.models["test_rnflit", "pony"].options["index_together"][0]
        )
        # Rename field.
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rnflit_pony", "pink")
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_rnflit_pony", "blue")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_rnflit", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rnflit_pony", "blue")
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_rnflit_pony", "pink")
        # The index constraint has been ported over.
        self.assertIndexExists("test_rnflit_pony", ["weight", "blue"])
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_rnflit", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertIndexExists("test_rnflit_pony", ["weight", "pink"])

    def test_rename_field_with_db_column(self):
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            "test_rfwdbc",
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Pony",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        ("field", models.IntegerField(db_column="db_field")),
                        (
                            "fk_field",
                            models.ForeignKey(
                                "Pony",
                                models.CASCADE,
                                db_column="db_fk_field",
                            ),
                        ),
                    ],
                ),
            ],
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.RenameField("Pony", "field", "renamed_field")
        operation.state_forwards("test_rfwdbc", new_state)
        self.assertIn("renamed_field", new_state.models["test_rfwdbc", "pony"].fields)
        self.assertNotIn("field", new_state.models["test_rfwdbc", "pony"].fields)
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfwdbc_pony", "db_field")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            with self.assertNumQueries(0):
                operation.database_forwards(
                    "test_rfwdbc", editor, project_state, new_state
                )
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfwdbc_pony", "db_field")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            with self.assertNumQueries(0):
                operation.database_backwards(
                    "test_rfwdbc", editor, new_state, project_state
                )
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfwdbc_pony", "db_field")

        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.RenameField("Pony", "fk_field", "renamed_fk_field")
        operation.state_forwards("test_rfwdbc", new_state)
        self.assertIn(
            "renamed_fk_field", new_state.models["test_rfwdbc", "pony"].fields
        )
        self.assertNotIn("fk_field", new_state.models["test_rfwdbc", "pony"].fields)
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfwdbc_pony", "db_fk_field")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            with self.assertNumQueries(0):
                operation.database_forwards(
                    "test_rfwdbc", editor, project_state, new_state
                )
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfwdbc_pony", "db_fk_field")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            with self.assertNumQueries(0):
                operation.database_backwards(
                    "test_rfwdbc", editor, new_state, project_state
                )
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfwdbc_pony", "db_fk_field")

    def test_rename_field_case(self):
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            "test_rfmx",
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Pony",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        ("field", models.IntegerField()),
                    ],
                ),
            ],
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.RenameField("Pony", "field", "FiElD")
        operation.state_forwards("test_rfmx", new_state)
        self.assertIn("FiElD", new_state.models["test_rfmx", "pony"].fields)
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfmx_pony", "field")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_rfmx", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnExists(
            "test_rfmx_pony",
            connection.introspection.identifier_converter("FiElD"),
        )
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards("test_rfmx", editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfmx_pony", "field")

    def test_rename_missing_field(self):
        state = ProjectState()
        state.add_model(ModelState("app", "model", []))
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
            FieldDoesNotExist, "app.model has no field named 'field'"
        ):
            migrations.RenameField("model", "field", "new_field").state_forwards(
                "app", state
            )

    def test_rename_referenced_field_state_forward(self):
        state = ProjectState()
        state.add_model(
            ModelState(
                "app",
                "Model",
                [
                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                    ("field", models.IntegerField(unique=True)),
                ],
            )
        )
        state.add_model(
            ModelState(
                "app",
                "OtherModel",
                [
                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                    (
                        "fk",
                        models.ForeignKey("Model", models.CASCADE, to_field="field"),
                    ),
                    (
                        "fo",
                        models.ForeignObject(
                            "Model",
                            models.CASCADE,
                            from_fields=("fk",),
                            to_fields=("field",),
                        ),
                    ),
                ],
            )
        )
        operation = migrations.RenameField("Model", "field", "renamed")
        new_state = state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("app", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["fk"].remote_field.field_name,
            "renamed",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["fk"].from_fields, ["self"]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["fk"].to_fields, ("renamed",)
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["fo"].from_fields, ("fk",)
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["fo"].to_fields, ("renamed",)
        )
        operation = migrations.RenameField("OtherModel", "fk", "renamed_fk")
        new_state = state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("app", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"]
            .fields["renamed_fk"]
            .remote_field.field_name,
            "renamed",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["renamed_fk"].from_fields,
            ("self",),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["renamed_fk"].to_fields,
            ("renamed",),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["fo"].from_fields,
            ("renamed_fk",),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["fo"].to_fields, ("renamed",)
        )

    def test_alter_unique_together(self):
        """
        Tests the AlterUniqueTogether operation.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alunto")
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.AlterUniqueTogether("Pony", [("pink", "weight")])
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(), "Alter unique_together for Pony (1 constraint(s))"
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.migration_name_fragment,
            "alter_pony_unique_together",
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_alunto", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(
                project_state.models["test_alunto", "pony"].options.get(
                    "unique_together", set()
                )
            ),
            0,
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            len(
                new_state.models["test_alunto", "pony"].options.get(
                    "unique_together", set()
                )
            ),
            1,
        )
        # Make sure we can insert duplicate rows
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.execute("INSERT INTO test_alunto_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1)")
            cursor.execute("INSERT INTO test_alunto_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1)")
            cursor.execute("DELETE FROM test_alunto_pony")
            # Test the database alteration
            with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                operation.database_forwards(
                    "test_alunto", editor, project_state, new_state
                )
            cursor.execute("INSERT INTO test_alunto_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1)")
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                with atomic():
                    cursor.execute(
                        "INSERT INTO test_alunto_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1)"
                    )
            cursor.execute("DELETE FROM test_alunto_pony")
            # And test reversal
            with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                operation.database_backwards(
                    "test_alunto", editor, new_state, project_state
                )
            cursor.execute("INSERT INTO test_alunto_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1)")
            cursor.execute("INSERT INTO test_alunto_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1)")
            cursor.execute("DELETE FROM test_alunto_pony")
        # Test flat unique_together
        operation = migrations.AlterUniqueTogether("Pony", ("pink", "weight"))
        operation.state_forwards("test_alunto", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(
                new_state.models["test_alunto", "pony"].options.get(
                    "unique_together", set()
                )
            ),
            1,
        )
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AlterUniqueTogether")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2], {"name": "Pony", "unique_together": {("pink", "weight")}}
        )

    def test_alter_unique_together_remove(self):
        operation = migrations.AlterUniqueTogether("Pony", None)
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(), "Alter unique_together for Pony (0 constraint(s))"
        )

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allows_multiple_constraints_on_same_fields")
    def test_remove_unique_together_on_pk_field(self):
        app_label = "test_rutopkf"
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Pony",
                    fields=[("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))],
                    options={"unique_together": {("id",)}},
                ),
            ],
        )
        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
        pk_constraint_name = f"{table_name}_pkey"
        unique_together_constraint_name = f"{table_name}_id_fb61f881_uniq"
        self.assertConstraintExists(table_name, pk_constraint_name, value=False)
        self.assertConstraintExists(
            table_name, unique_together_constraint_name, value=False
        )

        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.AlterUniqueTogether("Pony", set())
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertConstraintExists(table_name, pk_constraint_name, value=False)
        self.assertConstraintNotExists(table_name, unique_together_constraint_name)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allows_multiple_constraints_on_same_fields")
    def test_remove_unique_together_on_unique_field(self):
        app_label = "test_rutouf"
        project_state = self.apply_operations(
            app_label,
            ProjectState(),
            operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "Pony",
                    fields=[
                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=30, unique=True)),
                    ],
                    options={"unique_together": {("name",)}},
                ),
            ],
        )
        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
        unique_constraint_name = f"{table_name}_name_key"
        unique_together_constraint_name = f"{table_name}_name_694f3b9f_uniq"
        self.assertConstraintExists(table_name, unique_constraint_name, value=False)
        self.assertConstraintExists(
            table_name, unique_together_constraint_name, value=False
        )

        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.AlterUniqueTogether("Pony", set())
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertConstraintExists(table_name, unique_constraint_name, value=False)
        self.assertConstraintNotExists(table_name, unique_together_constraint_name)

    def test_add_index(self):
        """
        Test the AddIndex operation.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_adin")
        msg = (
            "Indexes passed to AddIndex operations require a name argument. "
            "<Index: fields=['pink']> doesn't have one."
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
            migrations.AddIndex("Pony", models.Index(fields=["pink"]))
        index = models.Index(fields=["pink"], name="test_adin_pony_pink_idx")
        operation = migrations.AddIndex("Pony", index)
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(),
            "Create index test_adin_pony_pink_idx on field(s) pink of model Pony",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.migration_name_fragment,
            "pony_test_adin_pony_pink_idx",
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_adin", new_state)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models["test_adin", "pony"].options["indexes"]), 1
        )
        self.assertIndexNotExists("test_adin_pony", ["pink"])
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_adin", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertIndexExists("test_adin_pony", ["pink"])
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards("test_adin", editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertIndexNotExists("test_adin_pony", ["pink"])
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddIndex")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"model_name": "Pony", "index": index})

    def test_remove_index(self):
        """
        Test the RemoveIndex operation.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_rmin", multicol_index=True)
        self.assertTableExists("test_rmin_pony")
        self.assertIndexExists("test_rmin_pony", ["pink", "weight"])
        operation = migrations.RemoveIndex("Pony", "pony_test_idx")
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Remove index pony_test_idx from Pony")
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.migration_name_fragment,
            "remove_pony_pony_test_idx",
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_rmin", new_state)
        # Test the state alteration
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models["test_rmin", "pony"].options["indexes"]), 0
        )
        self.assertIndexExists("test_rmin_pony", ["pink", "weight"])
        # Test the database alteration
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_rmin", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertIndexNotExists("test_rmin_pony", ["pink", "weight"])
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards("test_rmin", editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertIndexExists("test_rmin_pony", ["pink", "weight"])
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RemoveIndex")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"model_name": "Pony", "name": "pony_test_idx"})

        # Also test a field dropped with index - sqlite remake issue
        operations = [
            migrations.RemoveIndex("Pony", "pony_test_idx"),
            migrations.RemoveField("Pony", "pink"),
        ]
        self.assertColumnExists("test_rmin_pony", "pink")
        self.assertIndexExists("test_rmin_pony", ["pink", "weight"])
        # Test database alteration
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        self.apply_operations("test_rmin", new_state, operations=operations)
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_rmin_pony", "pink")
        self.assertIndexNotExists("test_rmin_pony", ["pink", "weight"])
        # And test reversal
        self.unapply_operations("test_rmin", project_state, operations=operations)
        self.assertIndexExists("test_rmin_pony", ["pink", "weight"])

    def test_rename_index(self):
        app_label = "test_rnin"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, index=True)
        table_name = app_label + "_pony"
        self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, "pony_pink_idx")
        self.assertIndexNameNotExists(table_name, "new_pony_test_idx")
        operation = migrations.RenameIndex(
            "Pony", new_name="new_pony_test_idx", old_name="pony_pink_idx"
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(),
            "Rename index pony_pink_idx on Pony to new_pony_test_idx",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.migration_name_fragment,
            "rename_pony_pink_idx_new_pony_test_idx",
        )

        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        # Rename index.
        expected_queries = 1 if connection.features.can_rename_index else 2
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, self.assertNumQueries(
            expected_queries
        ):
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertIndexNameNotExists(table_name, "pony_pink_idx")
        self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, "new_pony_test_idx")
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, self.assertNumQueries(
            expected_queries
        ):
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, "pony_pink_idx")
        self.assertIndexNameNotExists(table_name, "new_pony_test_idx")
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RenameIndex")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2],
            {
                "model_name": "Pony",
                "old_name": "pony_pink_idx",
                "new_name": "new_pony_test_idx",
            },
        )

    def test_rename_index_arguments(self):
        msg = "RenameIndex.old_name and old_fields are mutually exclusive."
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
            migrations.RenameIndex(
                "Pony",
                new_name="new_idx_name",
                old_name="old_idx_name",
                old_fields=("weight", "pink"),
            )
        msg = "RenameIndex requires one of old_name and old_fields arguments to be set."
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
            migrations.RenameIndex("Pony", new_name="new_idx_name")

    @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango51Warning)
    def test_rename_index_unnamed_index(self):
        app_label = "test_rninui"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, index_together=True)
        table_name = app_label + "_pony"
        self.assertIndexNameNotExists(table_name, "new_pony_test_idx")
        operation = migrations.RenameIndex(
            "Pony", new_name="new_pony_test_idx", old_fields=("weight", "pink")
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(),
            "Rename unnamed index for ('weight', 'pink') on Pony to new_pony_test_idx",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.migration_name_fragment,
            "rename_pony_weight_pink_new_pony_test_idx",
        )

        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        # Rename index.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, "new_pony_test_idx")
        # Reverse is a no-op.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, self.assertNumQueries(0):
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, "new_pony_test_idx")
        # Reapply, RenameIndex operation is a noop when the old and new name
        # match.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, "new_pony_test_idx")
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RenameIndex")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2],
            {
                "model_name": "Pony",
                "new_name": "new_pony_test_idx",
                "old_fields": ("weight", "pink"),
            },
        )

    def test_rename_index_unknown_unnamed_index(self):
        app_label = "test_rninuui"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        operation = migrations.RenameIndex(
            "Pony", new_name="new_pony_test_idx", old_fields=("weight", "pink")
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        msg = "Found wrong number (0) of indexes for test_rninuui_pony(weight, pink)."
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
                operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)

    def test_add_index_state_forwards(self):
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_adinsf")
        index = models.Index(fields=["pink"], name="test_adinsf_pony_pink_idx")
        old_model = project_state.apps.get_model("test_adinsf", "Pony")
        new_state = project_state.clone()

        operation = migrations.AddIndex("Pony", index)
        operation.state_forwards("test_adinsf", new_state)
        new_model = new_state.apps.get_model("test_adinsf", "Pony")
        self.assertIsNot(old_model, new_model)

    def test_remove_index_state_forwards(self):
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_rminsf")
        index = models.Index(fields=["pink"], name="test_rminsf_pony_pink_idx")
        migrations.AddIndex("Pony", index).state_forwards("test_rminsf", project_state)
        old_model = project_state.apps.get_model("test_rminsf", "Pony")
        new_state = project_state.clone()

        operation = migrations.RemoveIndex("Pony", "test_rminsf_pony_pink_idx")
        operation.state_forwards("test_rminsf", new_state)
        new_model = new_state.apps.get_model("test_rminsf", "Pony")
        self.assertIsNot(old_model, new_model)

    def test_rename_index_state_forwards(self):
        app_label = "test_rnidsf"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, index=True)
        old_model = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        new_state = project_state.clone()

        operation = migrations.RenameIndex(
            "Pony", new_name="new_pony_pink_idx", old_name="pony_pink_idx"
        )
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        new_model = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        self.assertIsNot(old_model, new_model)
        self.assertEqual(new_model._meta.indexes[0].name, "new_pony_pink_idx")

    @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango51Warning)
    def test_rename_index_state_forwards_unnamed_index(self):
        app_label = "test_rnidsfui"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, index_together=True)
        old_model = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        new_state = project_state.clone()

        operation = migrations.RenameIndex(
            "Pony", new_name="new_pony_pink_idx", old_fields=("weight", "pink")
        )
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        new_model = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        self.assertIsNot(old_model, new_model)
        self.assertEqual(new_model._meta.index_together, tuple())
        self.assertEqual(new_model._meta.indexes[0].name, "new_pony_pink_idx")

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
    def test_add_func_index(self):
        app_label = "test_addfuncin"
        index_name = f"{app_label}_pony_abs_idx"
        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        index = models.Index(Abs("weight"), name=index_name)
        operation = migrations.AddIndex("Pony", index)
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(),
            "Create index test_addfuncin_pony_abs_idx on Abs(F(weight)) on model Pony",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.migration_name_fragment,
            "pony_test_addfuncin_pony_abs_idx",
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["indexes"]), 1)
        self.assertIndexNameNotExists(table_name, index_name)
        # Add index.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, index_name)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertIndexNameNotExists(table_name, index_name)
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddIndex")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"model_name": "Pony", "index": index})

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
    def test_remove_func_index(self):
        app_label = "test_rmfuncin"
        index_name = f"{app_label}_pony_abs_idx"
        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
            app_label,
            indexes=[
                models.Index(Abs("weight"), name=index_name),
            ],
        )
        self.assertTableExists(table_name)
        self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, index_name)
        operation = migrations.RemoveIndex("Pony", index_name)
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(),
            "Remove index test_rmfuncin_pony_abs_idx from Pony",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.migration_name_fragment,
            "remove_pony_test_rmfuncin_pony_abs_idx",
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["indexes"]), 0)
        # Remove index.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertIndexNameNotExists(table_name, index_name)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, index_name)
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RemoveIndex")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"model_name": "Pony", "name": index_name})

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
    def test_alter_field_with_func_index(self):
        app_label = "test_alfuncin"
        index_name = f"{app_label}_pony_idx"
        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
            app_label,
            indexes=[models.Index(Abs("pink"), name=index_name)],
        )
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Pony", "pink", models.IntegerField(null=True)
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, index_name)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, index_name)

    def test_alter_field_with_index(self):
        """
        Test AlterField operation with an index to ensure indexes created via
        Meta.indexes don't get dropped with sqlite3 remake.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alflin", index=True)
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Pony", "pink", models.IntegerField(null=True)
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_alflin", new_state)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertColumnNotNull("test_alflin_pony", "pink")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_alflin", editor, project_state, new_state)
        # Index hasn't been dropped
        self.assertIndexExists("test_alflin_pony", ["pink"])
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_alflin", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        # Ensure the index is still there
        self.assertIndexExists("test_alflin_pony", ["pink"])

    @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango51Warning)
    def test_alter_index_together(self):
        """
        Tests the AlterIndexTogether operation.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alinto")
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.AlterIndexTogether("Pony", [("pink", "weight")])
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(), "Alter index_together for Pony (1 constraint(s))"
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.migration_name_fragment,
            "alter_pony_index_together",
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_alinto", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(
                project_state.models["test_alinto", "pony"].options.get(
                    "index_together", set()
                )
            ),
            0,
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            len(
                new_state.models["test_alinto", "pony"].options.get(
                    "index_together", set()
                )
            ),
            1,
        )
        # Make sure there's no matching index
        self.assertIndexNotExists("test_alinto_pony", ["pink", "weight"])
        # Test the database alteration
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_alinto", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertIndexExists("test_alinto_pony", ["pink", "weight"])
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_alinto", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertIndexNotExists("test_alinto_pony", ["pink", "weight"])
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AlterIndexTogether")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2], {"name": "Pony", "index_together": {("pink", "weight")}}
        )

    def test_alter_index_together_remove(self):
        operation = migrations.AlterIndexTogether("Pony", None)
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(), "Alter index_together for Pony (0 constraint(s))"
        )

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allows_multiple_constraints_on_same_fields")
    @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango51Warning)
    def test_alter_index_together_remove_with_unique_together(self):
        app_label = "test_alintoremove_wunto"
        table_name = "%s_pony" % app_label
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, unique_together=True)
        self.assertUniqueConstraintExists(table_name, ["pink", "weight"])
        # Add index together.
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.AlterIndexTogether("Pony", [("pink", "weight")])
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertIndexExists(table_name, ["pink", "weight"])
        # Remove index together.
        project_state = new_state
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.AlterIndexTogether("Pony", set())
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ["pink", "weight"])
        self.assertUniqueConstraintExists(table_name, ["pink", "weight"])

    def test_add_constraint(self):
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_addconstraint")
        gt_check = models.Q(pink__gt=2)
        gt_constraint = models.CheckConstraint(
            check=gt_check, name="test_add_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2"
        )
        gt_operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Pony", gt_constraint)
        self.assertEqual(
            gt_operation.describe(),
            "Create constraint test_add_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2 on model Pony",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            gt_operation.migration_name_fragment,
            "pony_test_add_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2",
        )
        # Test the state alteration
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        gt_operation.state_forwards("test_addconstraint", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models["test_addconstraint", "pony"].options["constraints"]),
            1,
        )
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_addconstraint", "Pony")
        self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 1)
        # Test the database alteration
        with (
            CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx,
            connection.schema_editor() as editor,
        ):
            gt_operation.database_forwards(
                "test_addconstraint", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        if connection.features.supports_table_check_constraints:
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
                Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=1.0)
        else:
            self.assertIs(
                any("CHECK" in query["sql"] for query in ctx.captured_queries), False
            )
            Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=1.0)
        # Add another one.
        lt_check = models.Q(pink__lt=100)
        lt_constraint = models.CheckConstraint(
            check=lt_check, name="test_add_constraint_pony_pink_lt_100"
        )
        lt_operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Pony", lt_constraint)
        lt_operation.state_forwards("test_addconstraint", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models["test_addconstraint", "pony"].options["constraints"]),
            2,
        )
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_addconstraint", "Pony")
        self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 2)
        with (
            CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx,
            connection.schema_editor() as editor,
        ):
            lt_operation.database_forwards(
                "test_addconstraint", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        if connection.features.supports_table_check_constraints:
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
                Pony.objects.create(pink=100, weight=1.0)
        else:
            self.assertIs(
                any("CHECK" in query["sql"] for query in ctx.captured_queries), False
            )
            Pony.objects.create(pink=100, weight=1.0)
        # Test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            gt_operation.database_backwards(
                "test_addconstraint", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=1.0)
        # Test deconstruction
        definition = gt_operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddConstraint")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2], {"model_name": "Pony", "constraint": gt_constraint}
        )

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
    def test_add_constraint_percent_escaping(self):
        app_label = "add_constraint_string_quoting"
        operations = [
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "Author",
                fields=[
                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                    ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
                    ("surname", models.CharField(max_length=100, default="")),
                    ("rebate", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
                ],
            ),
        ]
        from_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations)
        checks = [
            # "%" generated in startswith lookup should be escaped in a way
            # that is considered a leading wildcard.
            (
                models.Q(name__startswith="Albert"),
                {"name": "Alberta"},
                {"name": "Artur"},
            ),
            # Literal "%" should be escaped in a way that is not a considered a
            # wildcard.
            (models.Q(rebate__endswith="%"), {"rebate": "10%"}, {"rebate": "10%$"}),
            # Right-hand-side baked "%" literals should not be used for
            # parameters interpolation.
            (
                ~models.Q(surname__startswith=models.F("name")),
                {"name": "Albert"},
                {"name": "Albert", "surname": "Alberto"},
            ),
            # Exact matches against "%" literals should also be supported.
            (
                models.Q(name="%"),
                {"name": "%"},
                {"name": "Albert"},
            ),
        ]
        for check, valid, invalid in checks:
            with self.subTest(check=check, valid=valid, invalid=invalid):
                constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=check, name="constraint")
                operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Author", constraint)
                to_state = from_state.clone()
                operation.state_forwards(app_label, to_state)
                with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                    operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, from_state, to_state)
                Author = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Author")
                try:
                    with transaction.atomic():
                        Author.objects.create(**valid).delete()
                    with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
                        Author.objects.create(**invalid)
                finally:
                    with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                        operation.database_backwards(
                            app_label, editor, from_state, to_state
                        )

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
    def test_add_or_constraint(self):
        app_label = "test_addorconstraint"
        constraint_name = "add_constraint_or"
        from_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        check = models.Q(pink__gt=2, weight__gt=2) | models.Q(weight__lt=0)
        constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=check, name=constraint_name)
        operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Pony", constraint)
        to_state = from_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, to_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, from_state, to_state)
        Pony = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
            Pony.objects.create(pink=2, weight=3.0)
        with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
            Pony.objects.create(pink=3, weight=1.0)
        Pony.objects.bulk_create(
            [
                Pony(pink=3, weight=-1.0),
                Pony(pink=1, weight=-1.0),
                Pony(pink=3, weight=3.0),
            ]
        )

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
    def test_add_constraint_combinable(self):
        app_label = "test_addconstraint_combinable"
        operations = [
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "Book",
                fields=[
                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                    ("read", models.PositiveIntegerField()),
                    ("unread", models.PositiveIntegerField()),
                ],
            ),
        ]
        from_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations)
        constraint = models.CheckConstraint(
            check=models.Q(read=(100 - models.F("unread"))),
            name="test_addconstraint_combinable_sum_100",
        )
        operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Book", constraint)
        to_state = from_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, to_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, from_state, to_state)
        Book = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Book")
        with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
            Book.objects.create(read=70, unread=10)
        Book.objects.create(read=70, unread=30)

    def test_remove_constraint(self):
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
            "test_removeconstraint",
            constraints=[
                models.CheckConstraint(
                    check=models.Q(pink__gt=2),
                    name="test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2",
                ),
                models.CheckConstraint(
                    check=models.Q(pink__lt=100),
                    name="test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_lt_100",
                ),
            ],
        )
        gt_operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint(
            "Pony", "test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2"
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            gt_operation.describe(),
            "Remove constraint test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2 from model Pony",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            gt_operation.migration_name_fragment,
            "remove_pony_test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2",
        )
        # Test state alteration
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        gt_operation.state_forwards("test_removeconstraint", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(
                new_state.models["test_removeconstraint", "pony"].options["constraints"]
            ),
            1,
        )
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_removeconstraint", "Pony")
        self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 1)
        # Test database alteration
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            gt_operation.database_forwards(
                "test_removeconstraint", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=1.0).delete()
        if connection.features.supports_table_check_constraints:
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
                Pony.objects.create(pink=100, weight=1.0)
        else:
            Pony.objects.create(pink=100, weight=1.0)
        # Remove the other one.
        lt_operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint(
            "Pony", "test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_lt_100"
        )
        lt_operation.state_forwards("test_removeconstraint", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(
                new_state.models["test_removeconstraint", "pony"].options["constraints"]
            ),
            0,
        )
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_removeconstraint", "Pony")
        self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 0)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            lt_operation.database_forwards(
                "test_removeconstraint", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        Pony.objects.create(pink=100, weight=1.0).delete()
        # Test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            gt_operation.database_backwards(
                "test_removeconstraint", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        if connection.features.supports_table_check_constraints:
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
                Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=1.0)
        else:
            Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=1.0)
        # Test deconstruction
        definition = gt_operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RemoveConstraint")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2],
            {"model_name": "Pony", "name": "test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2"},
        )

    def test_add_partial_unique_constraint(self):
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_addpartialuniqueconstraint")
        partial_unique_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
            fields=["pink"],
            condition=models.Q(weight__gt=5),
            name="test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq",
        )
        operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Pony", partial_unique_constraint)
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(),
            "Create constraint test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq "
            "on model Pony",
        )
        # Test the state alteration
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_addpartialuniqueconstraint", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(
                new_state.models["test_addpartialuniqueconstraint", "pony"].options[
                    "constraints"
                ]
            ),
            1,
        )
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_addpartialuniqueconstraint", "Pony")
        self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 1)
        # Test the database alteration
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(
                "test_addpartialuniqueconstraint", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        # Test constraint works
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=6.0)
        if connection.features.supports_partial_indexes:
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
                Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=7.0)
        else:
            Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=7.0)
        # Test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_addpartialuniqueconstraint", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        # Test constraint doesn't work
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=7.0)
        # Test deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddConstraint")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2],
            {"model_name": "Pony", "constraint": partial_unique_constraint},
        )

    def test_remove_partial_unique_constraint(self):
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
            "test_removepartialuniqueconstraint",
            constraints=[
                models.UniqueConstraint(
                    fields=["pink"],
                    condition=models.Q(weight__gt=5),
                    name="test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq",
                ),
            ],
        )
        gt_operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint(
            "Pony", "test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq"
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            gt_operation.describe(),
            "Remove constraint test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq from "
            "model Pony",
        )
        # Test state alteration
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        gt_operation.state_forwards("test_removepartialuniqueconstraint", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(
                new_state.models["test_removepartialuniqueconstraint", "pony"].options[
                    "constraints"
                ]
            ),
            0,
        )
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_removepartialuniqueconstraint", "Pony")
        self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 0)
        # Test database alteration
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            gt_operation.database_forwards(
                "test_removepartialuniqueconstraint", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        # Test constraint doesn't work
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=6.0)
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=7.0).delete()
        # Test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            gt_operation.database_backwards(
                "test_removepartialuniqueconstraint", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        # Test constraint works
        if connection.features.supports_partial_indexes:
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
                Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=7.0)
        else:
            Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=7.0)
        # Test deconstruction
        definition = gt_operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RemoveConstraint")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2],
            {
                "model_name": "Pony",
                "name": "test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq",
            },
        )

    def test_add_deferred_unique_constraint(self):
        app_label = "test_adddeferred_uc"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        deferred_unique_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
            fields=["pink"],
            name="deferred_pink_constraint_add",
            deferrable=models.Deferrable.DEFERRED,
        )
        operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Pony", deferred_unique_constraint)
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(),
            "Create constraint deferred_pink_constraint_add on model Pony",
        )
        # Add constraint.
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["constraints"]), 1
        )
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 1)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, CaptureQueriesContext(
            connection
        ) as ctx:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        if connection.features.supports_deferrable_unique_constraints:
            # Unique constraint is deferred.
            with transaction.atomic():
                obj = Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
                obj.pink = 2
                obj.save()
            # Constraint behavior can be changed with SET CONSTRAINTS.
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                with transaction.atomic(), connection.cursor() as cursor:
                    quoted_name = connection.ops.quote_name(
                        deferred_unique_constraint.name
                    )
                    cursor.execute("SET CONSTRAINTS %s IMMEDIATE" % quoted_name)
                    obj = Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
                    obj.pink = 3
                    obj.save()
        else:
            self.assertEqual(len(ctx), 0)
            Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        # Constraint doesn't work.
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddConstraint")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2],
            {"model_name": "Pony", "constraint": deferred_unique_constraint},
        )

    def test_remove_deferred_unique_constraint(self):
        app_label = "test_removedeferred_uc"
        deferred_unique_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
            fields=["pink"],
            name="deferred_pink_constraint_rm",
            deferrable=models.Deferrable.DEFERRED,
        )
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
            app_label, constraints=[deferred_unique_constraint]
        )
        operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint("Pony", deferred_unique_constraint.name)
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(),
            "Remove constraint deferred_pink_constraint_rm from model Pony",
        )
        # Remove constraint.
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["constraints"]), 0
        )
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 0)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, CaptureQueriesContext(
            connection
        ) as ctx:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        # Constraint doesn't work.
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0).delete()
        if not connection.features.supports_deferrable_unique_constraints:
            self.assertEqual(len(ctx), 0)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        if connection.features.supports_deferrable_unique_constraints:
            # Unique constraint is deferred.
            with transaction.atomic():
                obj = Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
                obj.pink = 2
                obj.save()
            # Constraint behavior can be changed with SET CONSTRAINTS.
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                with transaction.atomic(), connection.cursor() as cursor:
                    quoted_name = connection.ops.quote_name(
                        deferred_unique_constraint.name
                    )
                    cursor.execute("SET CONSTRAINTS %s IMMEDIATE" % quoted_name)
                    obj = Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
                    obj.pink = 3
                    obj.save()
        else:
            Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RemoveConstraint")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2],
            {
                "model_name": "Pony",
                "name": "deferred_pink_constraint_rm",
            },
        )

    def test_add_covering_unique_constraint(self):
        app_label = "test_addcovering_uc"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        covering_unique_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
            fields=["pink"],
            name="covering_pink_constraint_add",
            include=["weight"],
        )
        operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Pony", covering_unique_constraint)
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(),
            "Create constraint covering_pink_constraint_add on model Pony",
        )
        # Add constraint.
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["constraints"]), 1
        )
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 1)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, CaptureQueriesContext(
            connection
        ) as ctx:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        if connection.features.supports_covering_indexes:
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        else:
            self.assertEqual(len(ctx), 0)
            Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        # Constraint doesn't work.
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddConstraint")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2],
            {"model_name": "Pony", "constraint": covering_unique_constraint},
        )

    def test_remove_covering_unique_constraint(self):
        app_label = "test_removecovering_uc"
        covering_unique_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
            fields=["pink"],
            name="covering_pink_constraint_rm",
            include=["weight"],
        )
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
            app_label, constraints=[covering_unique_constraint]
        )
        operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint("Pony", covering_unique_constraint.name)
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(),
            "Remove constraint covering_pink_constraint_rm from model Pony",
        )
        # Remove constraint.
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["constraints"]), 0
        )
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 0)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, CaptureQueriesContext(
            connection
        ) as ctx:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        # Constraint doesn't work.
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0).delete()
        if not connection.features.supports_covering_indexes:
            self.assertEqual(len(ctx), 0)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        if connection.features.supports_covering_indexes:
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        else:
            Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RemoveConstraint")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2],
            {
                "model_name": "Pony",
                "name": "covering_pink_constraint_rm",
            },
        )

    def test_alter_field_with_func_unique_constraint(self):
        app_label = "test_alfuncuc"
        constraint_name = f"{app_label}_pony_uq"
        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
            app_label,
            constraints=[
                models.UniqueConstraint("pink", "weight", name=constraint_name)
            ],
        )
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            "Pony", "pink", models.IntegerField(null=True)
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        if connection.features.supports_expression_indexes:
            self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, constraint_name)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        if connection.features.supports_expression_indexes:
            self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, constraint_name)

    def test_add_func_unique_constraint(self):
        app_label = "test_adfuncuc"
        constraint_name = f"{app_label}_pony_abs_uq"
        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(Abs("weight"), name=constraint_name)
        operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Pony", constraint)
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(),
            "Create constraint test_adfuncuc_pony_abs_uq on model Pony",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.migration_name_fragment,
            "pony_test_adfuncuc_pony_abs_uq",
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["constraints"]), 1
        )
        self.assertIndexNameNotExists(table_name, constraint_name)
        # Add constraint.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        Pony.objects.create(weight=4.0)
        if connection.features.supports_expression_indexes:
            self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, constraint_name)
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                Pony.objects.create(weight=-4.0)
        else:
            self.assertIndexNameNotExists(table_name, constraint_name)
            Pony.objects.create(weight=-4.0)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertIndexNameNotExists(table_name, constraint_name)
        # Constraint doesn't work.
        Pony.objects.create(weight=-4.0)
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddConstraint")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2],
            {"model_name": "Pony", "constraint": constraint},
        )

    def test_remove_func_unique_constraint(self):
        app_label = "test_rmfuncuc"
        constraint_name = f"{app_label}_pony_abs_uq"
        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
            app_label,
            constraints=[
                models.UniqueConstraint(Abs("weight"), name=constraint_name),
            ],
        )
        self.assertTableExists(table_name)
        if connection.features.supports_expression_indexes:
            self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, constraint_name)
        operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint("Pony", constraint_name)
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(),
            "Remove constraint test_rmfuncuc_pony_abs_uq from model Pony",
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.migration_name_fragment,
            "remove_pony_test_rmfuncuc_pony_abs_uq",
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["constraints"]), 0
        )
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 0)
        # Remove constraint.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertIndexNameNotExists(table_name, constraint_name)
        # Constraint doesn't work.
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
        Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=-4.0).delete()
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        if connection.features.supports_expression_indexes:
            self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, constraint_name)
            with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                Pony.objects.create(weight=-4.0)
        else:
            self.assertIndexNameNotExists(table_name, constraint_name)
            Pony.objects.create(weight=-4.0)
        # Deconstruction.
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RemoveConstraint")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"model_name": "Pony", "name": constraint_name})

    def test_alter_model_options(self):
        """
        Tests the AlterModelOptions operation.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_almoop")
        # Test the state alteration (no DB alteration to test)
        operation = migrations.AlterModelOptions(
            "Pony", {"permissions": [("can_groom", "Can groom")]}
        )
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Change Meta options on Pony")
        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "alter_pony_options")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_almoop", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(
                project_state.models["test_almoop", "pony"].options.get(
                    "permissions", []
                )
            ),
            0,
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models["test_almoop", "pony"].options.get("permissions", [])),
            1,
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models["test_almoop", "pony"].options["permissions"][0][0],
            "can_groom",
        )
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AlterModelOptions")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2],
            {"name": "Pony", "options": {"permissions": [("can_groom", "Can groom")]}},
        )

    def test_alter_model_options_emptying(self):
        """
        The AlterModelOptions operation removes keys from the dict (#23121)
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_almoop", options=True)
        # Test the state alteration (no DB alteration to test)
        operation = migrations.AlterModelOptions("Pony", {})
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Change Meta options on Pony")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_almoop", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(
                project_state.models["test_almoop", "pony"].options.get(
                    "permissions", []
                )
            ),
            1,
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models["test_almoop", "pony"].options.get("permissions", [])),
            0,
        )
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AlterModelOptions")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"name": "Pony", "options": {}})

    def test_alter_order_with_respect_to(self):
        """
        Tests the AlterOrderWithRespectTo operation.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alorwrtto", related_model=True)
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.AlterOrderWithRespectTo("Rider", "pony")
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(), "Set order_with_respect_to on Rider to pony"
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.migration_name_fragment,
            "alter_rider_order_with_respect_to",
        )
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_alorwrtto", new_state)
        self.assertIsNone(
            project_state.models["test_alorwrtto", "rider"].options.get(
                "order_with_respect_to", None
            )
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            new_state.models["test_alorwrtto", "rider"].options.get(
                "order_with_respect_to", None
            ),
            "pony",
        )
        # Make sure there's no matching index
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_alorwrtto_rider", "_order")
        # Create some rows before alteration
        rendered_state = project_state.apps
        pony = rendered_state.get_model("test_alorwrtto", "Pony").objects.create(
            weight=50
        )
        rider1 = rendered_state.get_model("test_alorwrtto", "Rider").objects.create(
            pony=pony
        )
        rider1.friend = rider1
        rider1.save()
        rider2 = rendered_state.get_model("test_alorwrtto", "Rider").objects.create(
            pony=pony
        )
        rider2.friend = rider2
        rider2.save()
        # Test the database alteration
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(
                "test_alorwrtto", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        self.assertColumnExists("test_alorwrtto_rider", "_order")
        # Check for correct value in rows
        updated_riders = new_state.apps.get_model(
            "test_alorwrtto", "Rider"
        ).objects.all()
        self.assertEqual(updated_riders[0]._order, 0)
        self.assertEqual(updated_riders[1]._order, 0)
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_alorwrtto", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_alorwrtto_rider", "_order")
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AlterOrderWithRespectTo")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            definition[2], {"name": "Rider", "order_with_respect_to": "pony"}
        )

    def test_alter_model_managers(self):
        """
        The managers on a model are set.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_almoma")
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.AlterModelManagers(
            "Pony",
            managers=[
                ("food_qs", FoodQuerySet.as_manager()),
                ("food_mgr", FoodManager("a", "b")),
                ("food_mgr_kwargs", FoodManager("x", "y", 3, 4)),
            ],
        )
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Change managers on Pony")
        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "alter_pony_managers")
        managers = project_state.models["test_almoma", "pony"].managers
        self.assertEqual(managers, [])

        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_almoma", new_state)
        self.assertIn(("test_almoma", "pony"), new_state.models)
        managers = new_state.models["test_almoma", "pony"].managers
        self.assertEqual(managers[0][0], "food_qs")
        self.assertIsInstance(managers[0][1], models.Manager)
        self.assertEqual(managers[1][0], "food_mgr")
        self.assertIsInstance(managers[1][1], FoodManager)
        self.assertEqual(managers[1][1].args, ("a", "b", 1, 2))
        self.assertEqual(managers[2][0], "food_mgr_kwargs")
        self.assertIsInstance(managers[2][1], FoodManager)
        self.assertEqual(managers[2][1].args, ("x", "y", 3, 4))
        rendered_state = new_state.apps
        model = rendered_state.get_model("test_almoma", "pony")
        self.assertIsInstance(model.food_qs, models.Manager)
        self.assertIsInstance(model.food_mgr, FoodManager)
        self.assertIsInstance(model.food_mgr_kwargs, FoodManager)

    def test_alter_model_managers_emptying(self):
        """
        The managers on a model are set.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_almomae", manager_model=True)
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.AlterModelManagers("Food", managers=[])
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Change managers on Food")
        self.assertIn(("test_almomae", "food"), project_state.models)
        managers = project_state.models["test_almomae", "food"].managers
        self.assertEqual(managers[0][0], "food_qs")
        self.assertIsInstance(managers[0][1], models.Manager)
        self.assertEqual(managers[1][0], "food_mgr")
        self.assertIsInstance(managers[1][1], FoodManager)
        self.assertEqual(managers[1][1].args, ("a", "b", 1, 2))
        self.assertEqual(managers[2][0], "food_mgr_kwargs")
        self.assertIsInstance(managers[2][1], FoodManager)
        self.assertEqual(managers[2][1].args, ("x", "y", 3, 4))

        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_almomae", new_state)
        managers = new_state.models["test_almomae", "food"].managers
        self.assertEqual(managers, [])

    def test_alter_fk(self):
        """
        Creating and then altering an FK works correctly
        and deals with the pending SQL (#23091)
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alfk")
        # Test adding and then altering the FK in one go
        create_operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            name="Rider",
            fields=[
                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                ("pony", models.ForeignKey("Pony", models.CASCADE)),
            ],
        )
        create_state = project_state.clone()
        create_operation.state_forwards("test_alfk", create_state)
        alter_operation = migrations.AlterField(
            model_name="Rider",
            name="pony",
            field=models.ForeignKey("Pony", models.CASCADE, editable=False),
        )
        alter_state = create_state.clone()
        alter_operation.state_forwards("test_alfk", alter_state)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            create_operation.database_forwards(
                "test_alfk", editor, project_state, create_state
            )
            alter_operation.database_forwards(
                "test_alfk", editor, create_state, alter_state
            )

    def test_alter_fk_non_fk(self):
        """
        Altering an FK to a non-FK works (#23244)
        """
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.AlterField(
            model_name="Rider",
            name="pony",
            field=models.FloatField(),
        )
        project_state, new_state = self.make_test_state(
            "test_afknfk", operation, related_model=True
        )
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertColumnExists("test_afknfk_rider", "pony_id")
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_afknfk_rider", "pony")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_afknfk", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnExists("test_afknfk_rider", "pony")
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_afknfk_rider", "pony_id")
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_afknfk", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertColumnExists("test_afknfk_rider", "pony_id")
        self.assertColumnNotExists("test_afknfk_rider", "pony")

    def test_run_sql(self):
        """
        Tests the RunSQL operation.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_runsql")
        # Create the operation
        operation = migrations.RunSQL(
            # Use a multi-line string with a comment to test splitting on
            # SQLite and MySQL respectively.
            "CREATE TABLE i_love_ponies (id int, special_thing varchar(15));\n"
            "INSERT INTO i_love_ponies (id, special_thing) "
            "VALUES (1, 'i love ponies'); -- this is magic!\n"
            "INSERT INTO i_love_ponies (id, special_thing) "
            "VALUES (2, 'i love django');\n"
            "UPDATE i_love_ponies SET special_thing = 'Ponies' "
            "WHERE special_thing LIKE '%%ponies';"
            "UPDATE i_love_ponies SET special_thing = 'Django' "
            "WHERE special_thing LIKE '%django';",
            # Run delete queries to test for parameter substitution failure
            # reported in #23426
            "DELETE FROM i_love_ponies WHERE special_thing LIKE '%Django%';"
            "DELETE FROM i_love_ponies WHERE special_thing LIKE '%%Ponies%%';"
            "DROP TABLE i_love_ponies",
            state_operations=[
                migrations.CreateModel(
                    "SomethingElse", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))]
                )
            ],
        )
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Raw SQL operation")
        # Test the state alteration
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_runsql", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(new_state.models["test_runsql", "somethingelse"].fields), 1
        )
        # Make sure there's no table
        self.assertTableNotExists("i_love_ponies")
        # Test SQL collection
        with connection.schema_editor(collect_sql=True) as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_runsql", editor, project_state, new_state)
            self.assertIn("LIKE '%%ponies';", "\n".join(editor.collected_sql))
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_runsql", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
            self.assertIn("LIKE '%%Ponies%%';", "\n".join(editor.collected_sql))
        # Test the database alteration
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_runsql", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableExists("i_love_ponies")
        # Make sure all the SQL was processed
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM i_love_ponies")
            self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0][0], 2)
            cursor.execute(
                "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM i_love_ponies WHERE special_thing = 'Django'"
            )
            self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0][0], 1)
            cursor.execute(
                "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM i_love_ponies WHERE special_thing = 'Ponies'"
            )
            self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0][0], 1)
        # And test reversal
        self.assertTrue(operation.reversible)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_runsql", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertTableNotExists("i_love_ponies")
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RunSQL")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            sorted(definition[2]), ["reverse_sql", "sql", "state_operations"]
        )
        # And elidable reduction
        self.assertIs(False, operation.reduce(operation, []))
        elidable_operation = migrations.RunSQL("SELECT 1 FROM void;", elidable=True)
        self.assertEqual(elidable_operation.reduce(operation, []), [operation])

    def test_run_sql_params(self):
        """
        #23426 - RunSQL should accept parameters.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_runsql")
        # Create the operation
        operation = migrations.RunSQL(
            ["CREATE TABLE i_love_ponies (id int, special_thing varchar(15));"],
            ["DROP TABLE i_love_ponies"],
        )
        param_operation = migrations.RunSQL(
            # forwards
            (
                "INSERT INTO i_love_ponies (id, special_thing) VALUES (1, 'Django');",
                [
                    "INSERT INTO i_love_ponies (id, special_thing) VALUES (2, %s);",
                    ["Ponies"],
                ],
                (
                    "INSERT INTO i_love_ponies (id, special_thing) VALUES (%s, %s);",
                    (
                        3,
                        "Python",
                    ),
                ),
            ),
            # backwards
            [
                "DELETE FROM i_love_ponies WHERE special_thing = 'Django';",
                ["DELETE FROM i_love_ponies WHERE special_thing = 'Ponies';", None],
                (
                    "DELETE FROM i_love_ponies WHERE id = %s OR special_thing = %s;",
                    [3, "Python"],
                ),
            ],
        )

        # Make sure there's no table
        self.assertTableNotExists("i_love_ponies")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        # Test the database alteration
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_runsql", editor, project_state, new_state)

        # Test parameter passing
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            param_operation.database_forwards(
                "test_runsql", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        # Make sure all the SQL was processed
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM i_love_ponies")
            self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0][0], 3)

        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            param_operation.database_backwards(
                "test_runsql", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        with connection.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM i_love_ponies")
            self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0][0], 0)

        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_runsql", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertTableNotExists("i_love_ponies")

    def test_run_sql_params_invalid(self):
        """
        #23426 - RunSQL should fail when a list of statements with an incorrect
        number of tuples is given.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_runsql")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.RunSQL(
            # forwards
            [["INSERT INTO foo (bar) VALUES ('buz');"]],
            # backwards
            (("DELETE FROM foo WHERE bar = 'buz';", "invalid", "parameter count"),),
        )

        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Expected a 2-tuple but got 1"):
                operation.database_forwards(
                    "test_runsql", editor, project_state, new_state
                )

        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Expected a 2-tuple but got 3"):
                operation.database_backwards(
                    "test_runsql", editor, new_state, project_state
                )

    def test_run_sql_noop(self):
        """
        #24098 - Tests no-op RunSQL operations.
        """
        operation = migrations.RunSQL(migrations.RunSQL.noop, migrations.RunSQL.noop)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_runsql", editor, None, None)
            operation.database_backwards("test_runsql", editor, None, None)

    def test_run_sql_add_missing_semicolon_on_collect_sql(self):
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_runsql")
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        tests = [
            "INSERT INTO test_runsql_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1);\n",
            "INSERT INTO test_runsql_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1)\n",
        ]
        for sql in tests:
            with self.subTest(sql=sql):
                operation = migrations.RunSQL(sql, migrations.RunPython.noop)
                with connection.schema_editor(collect_sql=True) as editor:
                    operation.database_forwards(
                        "test_runsql", editor, project_state, new_state
                    )
                    collected_sql = "\n".join(editor.collected_sql)
                    self.assertEqual(collected_sql.count(";"), 1)

    def test_run_python(self):
        """
        Tests the RunPython operation
        """

        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_runpython", mti_model=True)

        # Create the operation
        def inner_method(models, schema_editor):
            Pony = models.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony")
            Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=3.55)
            Pony.objects.create(weight=5)

        def inner_method_reverse(models, schema_editor):
            Pony = models.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony")
            Pony.objects.filter(pink=1, weight=3.55).delete()
            Pony.objects.filter(weight=5).delete()

        operation = migrations.RunPython(
            inner_method, reverse_code=inner_method_reverse
        )
        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Raw Python operation")
        # Test the state alteration does nothing
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_runpython", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(new_state, project_state)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertEqual(
            project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 0
        )
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(
                "test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        self.assertEqual(
            project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 2
        )
        # Now test reversal
        self.assertTrue(operation.reversible)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        self.assertEqual(
            project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 0
        )
        # Now test we can't use a string
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
            ValueError, "RunPython must be supplied with a callable"
        ):
            migrations.RunPython("print 'ahahaha'")
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RunPython")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(sorted(definition[2]), ["code", "reverse_code"])

        # Also test reversal fails, with an operation identical to above but
        # without reverse_code set.
        no_reverse_operation = migrations.RunPython(inner_method)
        self.assertFalse(no_reverse_operation.reversible)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            no_reverse_operation.database_forwards(
                "test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                no_reverse_operation.database_backwards(
                    "test_runpython", editor, new_state, project_state
                )
        self.assertEqual(
            project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 2
        )

        def create_ponies(models, schema_editor):
            Pony = models.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony")
            pony1 = Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=3.55)
            self.assertIsNot(pony1.pk, None)
            pony2 = Pony.objects.create(weight=5)
            self.assertIsNot(pony2.pk, None)
            self.assertNotEqual(pony1.pk, pony2.pk)

        operation = migrations.RunPython(create_ponies)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(
                "test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        self.assertEqual(
            project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 4
        )
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RunPython")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(sorted(definition[2]), ["code"])

        def create_shetlandponies(models, schema_editor):
            ShetlandPony = models.get_model("test_runpython", "ShetlandPony")
            pony1 = ShetlandPony.objects.create(weight=4.0)
            self.assertIsNot(pony1.pk, None)
            pony2 = ShetlandPony.objects.create(weight=5.0)
            self.assertIsNot(pony2.pk, None)
            self.assertNotEqual(pony1.pk, pony2.pk)

        operation = migrations.RunPython(create_shetlandponies)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(
                "test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        self.assertEqual(
            project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 6
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            project_state.apps.get_model(
                "test_runpython", "ShetlandPony"
            ).objects.count(),
            2,
        )
        # And elidable reduction
        self.assertIs(False, operation.reduce(operation, []))
        elidable_operation = migrations.RunPython(inner_method, elidable=True)
        self.assertEqual(elidable_operation.reduce(operation, []), [operation])

    def test_run_python_atomic(self):
        """
        Tests the RunPython operation correctly handles the "atomic" keyword
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_runpythonatomic", mti_model=True)

        def inner_method(models, schema_editor):
            Pony = models.get_model("test_runpythonatomic", "Pony")
            Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=3.55)
            raise ValueError("Adrian hates ponies.")

        # Verify atomicity when applying.
        atomic_migration = Migration("test", "test_runpythonatomic")
        atomic_migration.operations = [
            migrations.RunPython(inner_method, reverse_code=inner_method)
        ]
        non_atomic_migration = Migration("test", "test_runpythonatomic")
        non_atomic_migration.operations = [
            migrations.RunPython(inner_method, reverse_code=inner_method, atomic=False)
        ]
        # If we're a fully-transactional database, both versions should rollback
        if connection.features.can_rollback_ddl:
            self.assertEqual(
                project_state.apps.get_model(
                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
                ).objects.count(),
                0,
            )
            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                    atomic_migration.apply(project_state, editor)
            self.assertEqual(
                project_state.apps.get_model(
                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
                ).objects.count(),
                0,
            )
            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                    non_atomic_migration.apply(project_state, editor)
            self.assertEqual(
                project_state.apps.get_model(
                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
                ).objects.count(),
                0,
            )
        # Otherwise, the non-atomic operation should leave a row there
        else:
            self.assertEqual(
                project_state.apps.get_model(
                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
                ).objects.count(),
                0,
            )
            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                    atomic_migration.apply(project_state, editor)
            self.assertEqual(
                project_state.apps.get_model(
                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
                ).objects.count(),
                0,
            )
            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                    non_atomic_migration.apply(project_state, editor)
            self.assertEqual(
                project_state.apps.get_model(
                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
                ).objects.count(),
                1,
            )
        # Reset object count to zero and verify atomicity when unapplying.
        project_state.apps.get_model(
            "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
        ).objects.all().delete()
        # On a fully-transactional database, both versions rollback.
        if connection.features.can_rollback_ddl:
            self.assertEqual(
                project_state.apps.get_model(
                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
                ).objects.count(),
                0,
            )
            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                    atomic_migration.unapply(project_state, editor)
            self.assertEqual(
                project_state.apps.get_model(
                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
                ).objects.count(),
                0,
            )
            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                    non_atomic_migration.unapply(project_state, editor)
            self.assertEqual(
                project_state.apps.get_model(
                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
                ).objects.count(),
                0,
            )
        # Otherwise, the non-atomic operation leaves a row there.
        else:
            self.assertEqual(
                project_state.apps.get_model(
                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
                ).objects.count(),
                0,
            )
            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                    atomic_migration.unapply(project_state, editor)
            self.assertEqual(
                project_state.apps.get_model(
                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
                ).objects.count(),
                0,
            )
            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                    non_atomic_migration.unapply(project_state, editor)
            self.assertEqual(
                project_state.apps.get_model(
                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
                ).objects.count(),
                1,
            )
        # Verify deconstruction.
        definition = non_atomic_migration.operations[0].deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RunPython")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(sorted(definition[2]), ["atomic", "code", "reverse_code"])

    def test_run_python_related_assignment(self):
        """
        #24282 - Model changes to a FK reverse side update the model
        on the FK side as well.
        """

        def inner_method(models, schema_editor):
            Author = models.get_model("test_authors", "Author")
            Book = models.get_model("test_books", "Book")
            author = Author.objects.create(name="Hemingway")
            Book.objects.create(title="Old Man and The Sea", author=author)

        create_author = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Author",
            [
                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
            ],
            options={},
        )
        create_book = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Book",
            [
                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                ("title", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
                ("author", models.ForeignKey("test_authors.Author", models.CASCADE)),
            ],
            options={},
        )
        add_hometown = migrations.AddField(
            "Author",
            "hometown",
            models.CharField(max_length=100),
        )
        create_old_man = migrations.RunPython(inner_method, inner_method)

        project_state = ProjectState()
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            create_author.state_forwards("test_authors", new_state)
            create_author.database_forwards(
                "test_authors", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        project_state = new_state
        new_state = new_state.clone()
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            create_book.state_forwards("test_books", new_state)
            create_book.database_forwards(
                "test_books", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        project_state = new_state
        new_state = new_state.clone()
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            add_hometown.state_forwards("test_authors", new_state)
            add_hometown.database_forwards(
                "test_authors", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        project_state = new_state
        new_state = new_state.clone()
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            create_old_man.state_forwards("test_books", new_state)
            create_old_man.database_forwards(
                "test_books", editor, project_state, new_state
            )

    def test_model_with_bigautofield(self):
        """
        A model with BigAutoField can be created.
        """

        def create_data(models, schema_editor):
            Author = models.get_model("test_author", "Author")
            Book = models.get_model("test_book", "Book")
            author1 = Author.objects.create(name="Hemingway")
            Book.objects.create(title="Old Man and The Sea", author=author1)
            Book.objects.create(id=2**33, title="A farewell to arms", author=author1)

            author2 = Author.objects.create(id=2**33, name="Remarque")
            Book.objects.create(title="All quiet on the western front", author=author2)
            Book.objects.create(title="Arc de Triomphe", author=author2)

        create_author = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Author",
            [
                ("id", models.BigAutoField(primary_key=True)),
                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
            ],
            options={},
        )
        create_book = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Book",
            [
                ("id", models.BigAutoField(primary_key=True)),
                ("title", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
                (
                    "author",
                    models.ForeignKey(
                        to="test_author.Author", on_delete=models.CASCADE
                    ),
                ),
            ],
            options={},
        )
        fill_data = migrations.RunPython(create_data)

        project_state = ProjectState()
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            create_author.state_forwards("test_author", new_state)
            create_author.database_forwards(
                "test_author", editor, project_state, new_state
            )

        project_state = new_state
        new_state = new_state.clone()
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            create_book.state_forwards("test_book", new_state)
            create_book.database_forwards("test_book", editor, project_state, new_state)

        project_state = new_state
        new_state = new_state.clone()
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            fill_data.state_forwards("fill_data", new_state)
            fill_data.database_forwards("fill_data", editor, project_state, new_state)

    def _test_autofield_foreignfield_growth(
        self, source_field, target_field, target_value
    ):
        """
        A field may be migrated in the following ways:

        - AutoField to BigAutoField
        - SmallAutoField to AutoField
        - SmallAutoField to BigAutoField
        """

        def create_initial_data(models, schema_editor):
            Article = models.get_model("test_article", "Article")
            Blog = models.get_model("test_blog", "Blog")
            blog = Blog.objects.create(name="web development done right")
            Article.objects.create(name="Frameworks", blog=blog)
            Article.objects.create(name="Programming Languages", blog=blog)

        def create_big_data(models, schema_editor):
            Article = models.get_model("test_article", "Article")
            Blog = models.get_model("test_blog", "Blog")
            blog2 = Blog.objects.create(name="Frameworks", id=target_value)
            Article.objects.create(name="Django", blog=blog2)
            Article.objects.create(id=target_value, name="Django2", blog=blog2)

        create_blog = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Blog",
            [
                ("id", source_field(primary_key=True)),
                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
            ],
            options={},
        )
        create_article = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Article",
            [
                ("id", source_field(primary_key=True)),
                (
                    "blog",
                    models.ForeignKey(to="test_blog.Blog", on_delete=models.CASCADE),
                ),
                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
                ("data", models.TextField(default="")),
            ],
            options={},
        )
        fill_initial_data = migrations.RunPython(
            create_initial_data, create_initial_data
        )
        fill_big_data = migrations.RunPython(create_big_data, create_big_data)

        grow_article_id = migrations.AlterField(
            "Article", "id", target_field(primary_key=True)
        )
        grow_blog_id = migrations.AlterField(
            "Blog", "id", target_field(primary_key=True)
        )

        project_state = ProjectState()
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            create_blog.state_forwards("test_blog", new_state)
            create_blog.database_forwards("test_blog", editor, project_state, new_state)

        project_state = new_state
        new_state = new_state.clone()
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            create_article.state_forwards("test_article", new_state)
            create_article.database_forwards(
                "test_article", editor, project_state, new_state
            )

        project_state = new_state
        new_state = new_state.clone()
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            fill_initial_data.state_forwards("fill_initial_data", new_state)
            fill_initial_data.database_forwards(
                "fill_initial_data", editor, project_state, new_state
            )

        project_state = new_state
        new_state = new_state.clone()
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            grow_article_id.state_forwards("test_article", new_state)
            grow_article_id.database_forwards(
                "test_article", editor, project_state, new_state
            )

        state = new_state.clone()
        article = state.apps.get_model("test_article.Article")
        self.assertIsInstance(article._meta.pk, target_field)

        project_state = new_state
        new_state = new_state.clone()
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            grow_blog_id.state_forwards("test_blog", new_state)
            grow_blog_id.database_forwards(
                "test_blog", editor, project_state, new_state
            )

        state = new_state.clone()
        blog = state.apps.get_model("test_blog.Blog")
        self.assertIsInstance(blog._meta.pk, target_field)

        project_state = new_state
        new_state = new_state.clone()
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            fill_big_data.state_forwards("fill_big_data", new_state)
            fill_big_data.database_forwards(
                "fill_big_data", editor, project_state, new_state
            )

    def test_autofield__bigautofield_foreignfield_growth(self):
        """A field may be migrated from AutoField to BigAutoField."""
        self._test_autofield_foreignfield_growth(
            models.AutoField,
            models.BigAutoField,
            2**33,
        )

    def test_smallfield_autofield_foreignfield_growth(self):
        """A field may be migrated from SmallAutoField to AutoField."""
        self._test_autofield_foreignfield_growth(
            models.SmallAutoField,
            models.AutoField,
            2**22,
        )

    def test_smallfield_bigautofield_foreignfield_growth(self):
        """A field may be migrated from SmallAutoField to BigAutoField."""
        self._test_autofield_foreignfield_growth(
            models.SmallAutoField,
            models.BigAutoField,
            2**33,
        )

    def test_run_python_noop(self):
        """
        #24098 - Tests no-op RunPython operations.
        """
        project_state = ProjectState()
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.RunPython(
            migrations.RunPython.noop, migrations.RunPython.noop
        )
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(
                "test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_runpython", editor, new_state, project_state
            )

    def test_separate_database_and_state(self):
        """
        Tests the SeparateDatabaseAndState operation.
        """
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_separatedatabaseandstate")
        # Create the operation
        database_operation = migrations.RunSQL(
            "CREATE TABLE i_love_ponies (id int, special_thing int);",
            "DROP TABLE i_love_ponies;",
        )
        state_operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            "SomethingElse", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))]
        )
        operation = migrations.SeparateDatabaseAndState(
            state_operations=[state_operation], database_operations=[database_operation]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            operation.describe(), "Custom state/database change combination"
        )
        # Test the state alteration
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_separatedatabaseandstate", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(
                new_state.models[
                    "test_separatedatabaseandstate", "somethingelse"
                ].fields
            ),
            1,
        )
        # Make sure there's no table
        self.assertTableNotExists("i_love_ponies")
        # Test the database alteration
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(
                "test_separatedatabaseandstate", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        self.assertTableExists("i_love_ponies")
        # And test reversal
        self.assertTrue(operation.reversible)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_separatedatabaseandstate", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertTableNotExists("i_love_ponies")
        # And deconstruction
        definition = operation.deconstruct()
        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "SeparateDatabaseAndState")
        self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
        self.assertEqual(
            sorted(definition[2]), ["database_operations", "state_operations"]
        )

    def test_separate_database_and_state2(self):
        """
        A complex SeparateDatabaseAndState operation: Multiple operations both
        for state and database. Verify the state dependencies within each list
        and that state ops don't affect the database.
        """
        app_label = "test_separatedatabaseandstate2"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        # Create the operation
        database_operations = [
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "ILovePonies",
                [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))],
                options={"db_table": "iloveponies"},
            ),
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "ILoveMorePonies",
                # We use IntegerField and not AutoField because
                # the model is going to be deleted immediately
                # and with an AutoField this fails on Oracle
                [("id", models.IntegerField(primary_key=True))],
                options={"db_table": "ilovemoreponies"},
            ),
            migrations.DeleteModel("ILoveMorePonies"),
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "ILoveEvenMorePonies",
                [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))],
                options={"db_table": "iloveevenmoreponies"},
            ),
        ]
        state_operations = [
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "SomethingElse",
                [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))],
                options={"db_table": "somethingelse"},
            ),
            migrations.DeleteModel("SomethingElse"),
            migrations.CreateModel(
                "SomethingCompletelyDifferent",
                [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))],
                options={"db_table": "somethingcompletelydifferent"},
            ),
        ]
        operation = migrations.SeparateDatabaseAndState(
            state_operations=state_operations,
            database_operations=database_operations,
        )
        # Test the state alteration
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)

        def assertModelsAndTables(after_db):
            # Tables and models exist, or don't, as they should:
            self.assertNotIn((app_label, "somethingelse"), new_state.models)
            self.assertEqual(
                len(new_state.models[app_label, "somethingcompletelydifferent"].fields),
                1,
            )
            self.assertNotIn((app_label, "iloveponiesonies"), new_state.models)
            self.assertNotIn((app_label, "ilovemoreponies"), new_state.models)
            self.assertNotIn((app_label, "iloveevenmoreponies"), new_state.models)
            self.assertTableNotExists("somethingelse")
            self.assertTableNotExists("somethingcompletelydifferent")
            self.assertTableNotExists("ilovemoreponies")
            if after_db:
                self.assertTableExists("iloveponies")
                self.assertTableExists("iloveevenmoreponies")
            else:
                self.assertTableNotExists("iloveponies")
                self.assertTableNotExists("iloveevenmoreponies")

        assertModelsAndTables(after_db=False)
        # Test the database alteration
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        assertModelsAndTables(after_db=True)
        # And test reversal
        self.assertTrue(operation.reversible)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        assertModelsAndTables(after_db=False)

    def _test_invalid_generated_field_changes(self, db_persist):
        regular = models.IntegerField(default=1)
        generated_1 = models.GeneratedField(
            expression=F("pink") + F("pink"),
            output_field=models.IntegerField(),
            db_persist=db_persist,
        )
        generated_2 = models.GeneratedField(
            expression=F("pink") + F("pink") + F("pink"),
            output_field=models.IntegerField(),
            db_persist=db_persist,
        )
        tests = [
            ("test_igfc_1", regular, generated_1),
            ("test_igfc_2", generated_1, regular),
            ("test_igfc_3", generated_1, generated_2),
        ]
        for app_label, add_field, alter_field in tests:
            project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
            operations = [
                migrations.AddField("Pony", "modified_pink", add_field),
                migrations.AlterField("Pony", "modified_pink", alter_field),
            ]
            msg = (
                "Modifying GeneratedFields is not supported - the field "
                f"{app_label}.Pony.modified_pink must be removed and re-added with the "
                "new definition."
            )
            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
                self.apply_operations(app_label, project_state, operations)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_stored_generated_columns")
    def test_invalid_generated_field_changes_stored(self):
        self._test_invalid_generated_field_changes(db_persist=True)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_virtual_generated_columns")
    def test_invalid_generated_field_changes_virtual(self):
        self._test_invalid_generated_field_changes(db_persist=False)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature(
        "supports_stored_generated_columns",
        "supports_virtual_generated_columns",
    )
    def test_invalid_generated_field_persistency_change(self):
        app_label = "test_igfpc"
        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
        operations = [
            migrations.AddField(
                "Pony",
                "modified_pink",
                models.GeneratedField(
                    expression=F("pink"),
                    output_field=models.IntegerField(),
                    db_persist=True,
                ),
            ),
            migrations.AlterField(
                "Pony",
                "modified_pink",
                models.GeneratedField(
                    expression=F("pink"),
                    output_field=models.IntegerField(),
                    db_persist=False,
                ),
            ),
        ]
        msg = (
            "Modifying GeneratedFields is not supported - the field "
            f"{app_label}.Pony.modified_pink must be removed and re-added with the "
            "new definition."
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
            self.apply_operations(app_label, project_state, operations)

    def _test_add_generated_field(self, db_persist):
        app_label = "test_agf"
        operation = migrations.AddField(
            "Pony",
            "modified_pink",
            models.GeneratedField(
                expression=F("pink") + F("pink"),
                output_field=models.IntegerField(),
                db_persist=db_persist,
            ),
        )
        project_state, new_state = self.make_test_state(app_label, operation)
        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields), 6)
        # Add generated column.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnExists(f"{app_label}_pony", "modified_pink")
        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
        obj = Pony.objects.create(pink=5, weight=3.23)
        self.assertEqual(obj.modified_pink, 10)
        # Reversal.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
        self.assertColumnNotExists(f"{app_label}_pony", "modified_pink")

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_stored_generated_columns")
    def test_add_generated_field_stored(self):
        self._test_add_generated_field(db_persist=True)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_virtual_generated_columns")
    def test_add_generated_field_virtual(self):
        self._test_add_generated_field(db_persist=False)

    def _test_remove_generated_field(self, db_persist):
        app_label = "test_rgf"
        operation = migrations.AddField(
            "Pony",
            "modified_pink",
            models.GeneratedField(
                expression=F("pink") + F("pink"),
                output_field=models.IntegerField(),
                db_persist=db_persist,
            ),
        )
        project_state, new_state = self.make_test_state(app_label, operation)
        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields), 6)
        # Add generated column.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        project_state = new_state
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation = migrations.RemoveField("Pony", "modified_pink")
        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
        # Remove generated column.
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertColumnNotExists(f"{app_label}_pony", "modified_pink")

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_stored_generated_columns")
    def test_remove_generated_field_stored(self):
        self._test_remove_generated_field(db_persist=True)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_virtual_generated_columns")
    def test_remove_generated_field_virtual(self):
        self._test_remove_generated_field(db_persist=False)


class SwappableOperationTests(OperationTestBase):
    """
    Key operations ignore swappable models
    (we don't want to replicate all of them here, as the functionality
    is in a common base class anyway)
    """

    available_apps = ["migrations"]

    @override_settings(TEST_SWAP_MODEL="migrations.SomeFakeModel")
    def test_create_ignore_swapped(self):
        """
        The CreateTable operation ignores swapped models.
        """
        operation = migrations.CreateModel(
            "Pony",
            [
                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                ("pink", models.IntegerField(default=1)),
            ],
            options={
                "swappable": "TEST_SWAP_MODEL",
            },
        )
        # Test the state alteration (it should still be there!)
        project_state = ProjectState()
        new_state = project_state.clone()
        operation.state_forwards("test_crigsw", new_state)
        self.assertEqual(new_state.models["test_crigsw", "pony"].name, "Pony")
        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_crigsw", "pony"].fields), 2)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crigsw_pony")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_crigsw", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crigsw_pony")
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_crigsw", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crigsw_pony")

    @override_settings(TEST_SWAP_MODEL="migrations.SomeFakeModel")
    def test_delete_ignore_swapped(self):
        """
        Tests the DeleteModel operation ignores swapped models.
        """
        operation = migrations.DeleteModel("Pony")
        project_state, new_state = self.make_test_state("test_dligsw", operation)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_dligsw_pony")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards("test_dligsw", editor, project_state, new_state)
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_dligsw_pony")
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_dligsw", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_dligsw_pony")

    @override_settings(TEST_SWAP_MODEL="migrations.SomeFakeModel")
    def test_add_field_ignore_swapped(self):
        """
        Tests the AddField operation.
        """
        # Test the state alteration
        operation = migrations.AddField(
            "Pony",
            "height",
            models.FloatField(null=True, default=5),
        )
        project_state, new_state = self.make_test_state("test_adfligsw", operation)
        # Test the database alteration
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_adfligsw_pony")
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(
                "test_adfligsw", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_adfligsw_pony")
        # And test reversal
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_adfligsw", editor, new_state, project_state
            )
        self.assertTableNotExists("test_adfligsw_pony")

    @override_settings(TEST_SWAP_MODEL="migrations.SomeFakeModel")
    def test_indexes_ignore_swapped(self):
        """
        Add/RemoveIndex operations ignore swapped models.
        """
        operation = migrations.AddIndex(
            "Pony", models.Index(fields=["pink"], name="my_name_idx")
        )
        project_state, new_state = self.make_test_state("test_adinigsw", operation)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            # No database queries should be run for swapped models
            operation.database_forwards(
                "test_adinigsw", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_adinigsw", editor, new_state, project_state
            )

        operation = migrations.RemoveIndex(
            "Pony", models.Index(fields=["pink"], name="my_name_idx")
        )
        project_state, new_state = self.make_test_state("test_rminigsw", operation)
        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
            operation.database_forwards(
                "test_rminigsw", editor, project_state, new_state
            )
            operation.database_backwards(
                "test_rminigsw", editor, new_state, project_state
            )


class TestCreateModel(SimpleTestCase):
    def test_references_model_mixin(self):
        migrations.CreateModel(
            "name",
            fields=[],
            bases=(Mixin, models.Model),
        ).references_model("other_model", "migrations")


class FieldOperationTests(SimpleTestCase):
    def test_references_model(self):
        operation = FieldOperation(
            "MoDel", "field", models.ForeignKey("Other", models.CASCADE)
        )
        # Model name match.
        self.assertIs(operation.references_model("mOdEl", "migrations"), True)
        # Referenced field.
        self.assertIs(operation.references_model("oTher", "migrations"), True)
        # Doesn't reference.
        self.assertIs(operation.references_model("Whatever", "migrations"), False)

    def test_references_field_by_name(self):
        operation = FieldOperation("MoDel", "field", models.BooleanField(default=False))
        self.assertIs(operation.references_field("model", "field", "migrations"), True)

    def test_references_field_by_remote_field_model(self):
        operation = FieldOperation(
            "Model", "field", models.ForeignKey("Other", models.CASCADE)
        )
        self.assertIs(
            operation.references_field("Other", "whatever", "migrations"), True
        )
        self.assertIs(
            operation.references_field("Missing", "whatever", "migrations"), False
        )

    def test_references_field_by_from_fields(self):
        operation = FieldOperation(
            "Model",
            "field",
            models.fields.related.ForeignObject(
                "Other", models.CASCADE, ["from"], ["to"]
            ),
        )
        self.assertIs(operation.references_field("Model", "from", "migrations"), True)
        self.assertIs(operation.references_field("Model", "to", "migrations"), False)
        self.assertIs(operation.references_field("Other", "from", "migrations"), False)
        self.assertIs(operation.references_field("Model", "to", "migrations"), False)

    def test_references_field_by_to_fields(self):
        operation = FieldOperation(
            "Model",
            "field",
            models.ForeignKey("Other", models.CASCADE, to_field="field"),
        )
        self.assertIs(operation.references_field("Other", "field", "migrations"), True)
        self.assertIs(
            operation.references_field("Other", "whatever", "migrations"), False
        )
        self.assertIs(
            operation.references_field("Missing", "whatever", "migrations"), False
        )

    def test_references_field_by_through(self):
        operation = FieldOperation(
            "Model", "field", models.ManyToManyField("Other", through="Through")
        )
        self.assertIs(
            operation.references_field("Other", "whatever", "migrations"), True
        )
        self.assertIs(
            operation.references_field("Through", "whatever", "migrations"), True
        )
        self.assertIs(
            operation.references_field("Missing", "whatever", "migrations"), False
        )

    def test_reference_field_by_through_fields(self):
        operation = FieldOperation(
            "Model",
            "field",
            models.ManyToManyField(
                "Other", through="Through", through_fields=("first", "second")
            ),
        )
        self.assertIs(
            operation.references_field("Other", "whatever", "migrations"), True
        )
        self.assertIs(
            operation.references_field("Through", "whatever", "migrations"), False
        )
        self.assertIs(
            operation.references_field("Through", "first", "migrations"), True
        )
        self.assertIs(
            operation.references_field("Through", "second", "migrations"), True
        )