django/tests/fixtures/tests.py

from __future__ import unicode_literals

import os
import warnings

from django.apps import apps
from django.contrib.sites.models import Site
from django.core import management
from django.db import connection, IntegrityError
from django.test import TestCase, TransactionTestCase, ignore_warnings, skipUnlessDBFeature
from django.utils.encoding import force_text
from django.utils import six

from .models import Article, Book, Spy, Tag, Visa


class TestCaseFixtureLoadingTests(TestCase):
    fixtures = ['fixture1.json', 'fixture2.json']

    def testClassFixtures(self):
        "Check that test case has installed 3 fixture objects"
        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 3)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [
            '<Article: Django conquers world!>',
            '<Article: Copyright is fine the way it is>',
            '<Article: Poker has no place on ESPN>',
        ])


class SubclassTestCaseFixtureLoadingTests(TestCaseFixtureLoadingTests):
    """
    Make sure that subclasses can remove fixtures from parent class (#21089).
    """
    fixtures = []

    def testClassFixtures(self):
        "Check that there were no fixture objects installed"
        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 0)


class DumpDataAssertMixin(object):

    def _dumpdata_assert(self, args, output, format='json', filename=None,
                         natural_foreign_keys=False, natural_primary_keys=False,
                         use_base_manager=False, exclude_list=[], primary_keys=''):
        new_io = six.StringIO()
        management.call_command('dumpdata', *args, **{'format': format,
                                                      'stdout': new_io,
                                                      'stderr': new_io,
                                                      'output': filename,
                                                      'use_natural_foreign_keys': natural_foreign_keys,
                                                      'use_natural_primary_keys': natural_primary_keys,
                                                      'use_base_manager': use_base_manager,
                                                      'exclude': exclude_list,
                                                      'primary_keys': primary_keys})
        if filename:
            with open(filename, "r") as f:
                command_output = f.read()
            os.remove(filename)
        else:
            command_output = new_io.getvalue().strip()
        if format == "json":
            self.assertJSONEqual(command_output, output)
        elif format == "xml":
            self.assertXMLEqual(command_output, output)
        else:
            self.assertEqual(command_output, output)


class FixtureLoadingTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):

    def test_initial_data(self):
        # migrate introduces 1 initial data object from initial_data.json.
        # this behavior is deprecated and will be removed in Django 1.9
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Book.objects.all(), [
            '<Book: Achieving self-awareness of Python programs>'
        ])

    def test_loading_and_dumping(self):
        apps.clear_cache()
        Site.objects.all().delete()
        # Load fixture 1. Single JSON file, with two objects.
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1.json', verbosity=0)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [
            '<Article: Time to reform copyright>',
            '<Article: Poker has no place on ESPN>',
        ])

        # Dump the current contents of the database as a JSON fixture
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures'], '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": "News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}, {"pk": 10, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Achieving self-awareness of Python programs", "authors": []}}]')

        # Try just dumping the contents of fixtures.Category
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures.Category'], '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": "News Stories"}}]')

        # ...and just fixtures.Article
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures.Article'], '[{"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]')

        # ...and both
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures.Category', 'fixtures.Article'], '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": "News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]')

        # Specify a specific model twice
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures.Article', 'fixtures.Article'], '[{"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]')

        # Specify a dump that specifies Article both explicitly and implicitly
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures.Article', 'fixtures'], '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": "News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}, {"pk": 10, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Achieving self-awareness of Python programs", "authors": []}}]')

        # Specify a dump that specifies Article both explicitly and implicitly,
        # but lists the app first (#22025).
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures', 'fixtures.Article'], '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": "News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}, {"pk": 10, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Achieving self-awareness of Python programs", "authors": []}}]')

        # Same again, but specify in the reverse order
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures'], '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": "News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}, {"pk": 10, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Achieving self-awareness of Python programs", "authors": []}}]')

        # Specify one model from one application, and an entire other application.
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures.Category', 'sites'], '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": "News Stories"}}, {"pk": 1, "model": "sites.site", "fields": {"domain": "example.com", "name": "example.com"}}]')

        # Load fixture 2. JSON file imported by default. Overwrites some existing objects
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture2.json', verbosity=0)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [
            '<Article: Django conquers world!>',
            '<Article: Copyright is fine the way it is>',
            '<Article: Poker has no place on ESPN>',
        ])

        # Load fixture 3, XML format.
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture3.xml', verbosity=0)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [
            '<Article: XML identified as leading cause of cancer>',
            '<Article: Django conquers world!>',
            '<Article: Copyright is fine the way it is>',
            '<Article: Poker on TV is great!>',
        ])

        # Load fixture 6, JSON file with dynamic ContentType fields. Testing ManyToOne.
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture6.json', verbosity=0)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Tag.objects.all(), [
            '<Tag: <Article: Copyright is fine the way it is> tagged "copyright">',
            '<Tag: <Article: Copyright is fine the way it is> tagged "law">',
        ], ordered=False)

        # Load fixture 7, XML file with dynamic ContentType fields. Testing ManyToOne.
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture7.xml', verbosity=0)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Tag.objects.all(), [
            '<Tag: <Article: Copyright is fine the way it is> tagged "copyright">',
            '<Tag: <Article: Copyright is fine the way it is> tagged "legal">',
            '<Tag: <Article: Django conquers world!> tagged "django">',
            '<Tag: <Article: Django conquers world!> tagged "world domination">',
        ], ordered=False)

        # Load fixture 8, JSON file with dynamic Permission fields. Testing ManyToMany.
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture8.json', verbosity=0)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Visa.objects.all(), [
            '<Visa: Django Reinhardt Can add user, Can change user, Can delete user>',
            '<Visa: Stephane Grappelli Can add user>',
            '<Visa: Prince >'
        ], ordered=False)

        # Load fixture 9, XML file with dynamic Permission fields. Testing ManyToMany.
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture9.xml', verbosity=0)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Visa.objects.all(), [
            '<Visa: Django Reinhardt Can add user, Can change user, Can delete user>',
            '<Visa: Stephane Grappelli Can add user, Can delete user>',
            '<Visa: Artist formerly known as "Prince" Can change user>'
        ], ordered=False)

        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Book.objects.all(), [
            '<Book: Achieving self-awareness of Python programs>',
            '<Book: Music for all ages by Artist formerly known as "Prince" and Django Reinhardt>'
        ])

        # object list is unaffected
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [
            '<Article: XML identified as leading cause of cancer>',
            '<Article: Django conquers world!>',
            '<Article: Copyright is fine the way it is>',
            '<Article: Poker on TV is great!>',
        ])

        # By default, you get raw keys on dumpdata
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures.book'], '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Music for all ages", "authors": [3, 1]}}, {"pk": 10, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Achieving self-awareness of Python programs", "authors": []}}]')

        # But you can get natural keys if you ask for them and they are available
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures.book'], '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Music for all ages", "authors": [["Artist formerly known as \\"Prince\\""], ["Django Reinhardt"]]}}, {"pk": 10, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Achieving self-awareness of Python programs", "authors": []}}]', natural_foreign_keys=True)

        # You can also omit the primary keys for models that we can get later with natural keys.
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures.person'], '[{"fields": {"name": "Django Reinhardt"}, "model": "fixtures.person"}, {"fields": {"name": "Stephane Grappelli"}, "model": "fixtures.person"}, {"fields": {"name": "Artist formerly known as \\"Prince\\""}, "model": "fixtures.person"}]', natural_primary_keys=True)

        # Dump the current contents of the database as a JSON fixture
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures'], '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": "News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker on TV is great!", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T11:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Copyright is fine the way it is", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T14:00:00"}}, {"pk": 4, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Django conquers world!", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T15:00:00"}}, {"pk": 5, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "XML identified as leading cause of cancer", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T16:00:00"}}, {"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.tag", "fields": {"tagged_type": ["fixtures", "article"], "name": "copyright", "tagged_id": 3}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.tag", "fields": {"tagged_type": ["fixtures", "article"], "name": "legal", "tagged_id": 3}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.tag", "fields": {"tagged_type": ["fixtures", "article"], "name": "django", "tagged_id": 4}}, {"pk": 4, "model": "fixtures.tag", "fields": {"tagged_type": ["fixtures", "article"], "name": "world domination", "tagged_id": 4}}, {"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.person", "fields": {"name": "Django Reinhardt"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.person", "fields": {"name": "Stephane Grappelli"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.person", "fields": {"name": "Artist formerly known as \\"Prince\\""}}, {"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.visa", "fields": {"person": ["Django Reinhardt"], "permissions": [["add_user", "auth", "user"], ["change_user", "auth", "user"], ["delete_user", "auth", "user"]]}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.visa", "fields": {"person": ["Stephane Grappelli"], "permissions": [["add_user", "auth", "user"], ["delete_user", "auth", "user"]]}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.visa", "fields": {"person": ["Artist formerly known as \\"Prince\\""], "permissions": [["change_user", "auth", "user"]]}}, {"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Music for all ages", "authors": [["Artist formerly known as \\"Prince\\""], ["Django Reinhardt"]]}}, {"pk": 10, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Achieving self-awareness of Python programs", "authors": []}}]', natural_foreign_keys=True)

        # Dump the current contents of the database as an XML fixture
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures'], """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<django-objects version="1.0"><object pk="1" model="fixtures.category"><field type="CharField" name="title">News Stories</field><field type="TextField" name="description">Latest news stories</field></object><object pk="2" model="fixtures.article"><field type="CharField" name="headline">Poker on TV is great!</field><field type="DateTimeField" name="pub_date">2006-06-16T11:00:00</field></object><object pk="3" model="fixtures.article"><field type="CharField" name="headline">Copyright is fine the way it is</field><field type="DateTimeField" name="pub_date">2006-06-16T14:00:00</field></object><object pk="4" model="fixtures.article"><field type="CharField" name="headline">Django conquers world!</field><field type="DateTimeField" name="pub_date">2006-06-16T15:00:00</field></object><object pk="5" model="fixtures.article"><field type="CharField" name="headline">XML identified as leading cause of cancer</field><field type="DateTimeField" name="pub_date">2006-06-16T16:00:00</field></object><object pk="1" model="fixtures.tag"><field type="CharField" name="name">copyright</field><field to="contenttypes.contenttype" name="tagged_type" rel="ManyToOneRel"><natural>fixtures</natural><natural>article</natural></field><field type="PositiveIntegerField" name="tagged_id">3</field></object><object pk="2" model="fixtures.tag"><field type="CharField" name="name">legal</field><field to="contenttypes.contenttype" name="tagged_type" rel="ManyToOneRel"><natural>fixtures</natural><natural>article</natural></field><field type="PositiveIntegerField" name="tagged_id">3</field></object><object pk="3" model="fixtures.tag"><field type="CharField" name="name">django</field><field to="contenttypes.contenttype" name="tagged_type" rel="ManyToOneRel"><natural>fixtures</natural><natural>article</natural></field><field type="PositiveIntegerField" name="tagged_id">4</field></object><object pk="4" model="fixtures.tag"><field type="CharField" name="name">world domination</field><field to="contenttypes.contenttype" name="tagged_type" rel="ManyToOneRel"><natural>fixtures</natural><natural>article</natural></field><field type="PositiveIntegerField" name="tagged_id">4</field></object><object pk="1" model="fixtures.person"><field type="CharField" name="name">Django Reinhardt</field></object><object pk="2" model="fixtures.person"><field type="CharField" name="name">Stephane Grappelli</field></object><object pk="3" model="fixtures.person"><field type="CharField" name="name">Artist formerly known as "Prince"</field></object><object pk="1" model="fixtures.visa"><field to="fixtures.person" name="person" rel="ManyToOneRel"><natural>Django Reinhardt</natural></field><field to="auth.permission" name="permissions" rel="ManyToManyRel"><object><natural>add_user</natural><natural>auth</natural><natural>user</natural></object><object><natural>change_user</natural><natural>auth</natural><natural>user</natural></object><object><natural>delete_user</natural><natural>auth</natural><natural>user</natural></object></field></object><object pk="2" model="fixtures.visa"><field to="fixtures.person" name="person" rel="ManyToOneRel"><natural>Stephane Grappelli</natural></field><field to="auth.permission" name="permissions" rel="ManyToManyRel"><object><natural>add_user</natural><natural>auth</natural><natural>user</natural></object><object><natural>delete_user</natural><natural>auth</natural><natural>user</natural></object></field></object><object pk="3" model="fixtures.visa"><field to="fixtures.person" name="person" rel="ManyToOneRel"><natural>Artist formerly known as "Prince"</natural></field><field to="auth.permission" name="permissions" rel="ManyToManyRel"><object><natural>change_user</natural><natural>auth</natural><natural>user</natural></object></field></object><object pk="1" model="fixtures.book"><field type="CharField" name="name">Music for all ages</field><field to="fixtures.person" name="authors" rel="ManyToManyRel"><object><natural>Artist formerly known as "Prince"</natural></object><object><natural>Django Reinhardt</natural></object></field></object><object pk="10" model="fixtures.book"><field type="CharField" name="name">Achieving self-awareness of Python programs</field><field to="fixtures.person" name="authors" rel="ManyToManyRel"></field></object></django-objects>""", format='xml', natural_foreign_keys=True)

    def test_dumpdata_with_excludes(self):
        # Load fixture1 which has a site, two articles, and a category
        Site.objects.all().delete()
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1.json', verbosity=0)

        # Excluding fixtures app should only leave sites
        self._dumpdata_assert(
            ['sites', 'fixtures'],
            '[{"pk": 1, "model": "sites.site", "fields": {"domain": "example.com", "name": "example.com"}}]',
            exclude_list=['fixtures'])

        # Excluding fixtures.Article/Book should leave fixtures.Category
        self._dumpdata_assert(
            ['sites', 'fixtures'],
            '[{"pk": 1, "model": "sites.site", "fields": {"domain": "example.com", "name": "example.com"}}, {"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": "News Stories"}}]',
            exclude_list=['fixtures.Article', 'fixtures.Book'])

        # Excluding fixtures and fixtures.Article/Book should be a no-op
        self._dumpdata_assert(
            ['sites', 'fixtures'],
            '[{"pk": 1, "model": "sites.site", "fields": {"domain": "example.com", "name": "example.com"}}, {"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": "News Stories"}}]',
            exclude_list=['fixtures.Article', 'fixtures.Book'])

        # Excluding sites and fixtures.Article/Book should only leave fixtures.Category
        self._dumpdata_assert(
            ['sites', 'fixtures'],
            '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": "News Stories"}}]',
            exclude_list=['fixtures.Article', 'fixtures.Book', 'sites'])

        # Excluding a bogus app should throw an error
        with six.assertRaisesRegex(self, management.CommandError,
                "Unknown app in excludes: foo_app"):
            self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures', 'sites'], '', exclude_list=['foo_app'])

        # Excluding a bogus model should throw an error
        with six.assertRaisesRegex(self, management.CommandError,
                "Unknown model in excludes: fixtures.FooModel"):
            self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures', 'sites'], '', exclude_list=['fixtures.FooModel'])

    def test_dumpdata_with_filtering_manager(self):
        spy1 = Spy.objects.create(name='Paul')
        spy2 = Spy.objects.create(name='Alex', cover_blown=True)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Spy.objects.all(),
                                 ['<Spy: Paul>'])
        # Use the default manager
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures.Spy'], '[{"pk": %d, "model": "fixtures.spy", "fields": {"cover_blown": false}}]' % spy1.pk)
        # Dump using Django's base manager. Should return all objects,
        # even those normally filtered by the manager
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures.Spy'], '[{"pk": %d, "model": "fixtures.spy", "fields": {"cover_blown": true}}, {"pk": %d, "model": "fixtures.spy", "fields": {"cover_blown": false}}]' % (spy2.pk, spy1.pk), use_base_manager=True)

    def test_dumpdata_with_pks(self):
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1.json', verbosity=0)
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture2.json', verbosity=0)
        self._dumpdata_assert(
            ['fixtures.Article'],
            '[{"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Copyright is fine the way it is", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T14:00:00"}}]',
            primary_keys='2,3'
        )

        self._dumpdata_assert(
            ['fixtures.Article'],
            '[{"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}]',
            primary_keys='2'
        )

        with six.assertRaisesRegex(self, management.CommandError,
                "You can only use --pks option with one model"):
            self._dumpdata_assert(
                ['fixtures'],
                '[{"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Copyright is fine the way it is", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T14:00:00"}}]',
                primary_keys='2,3'
            )

        with six.assertRaisesRegex(self, management.CommandError,
                "You can only use --pks option with one model"):
            self._dumpdata_assert(
                '',
                '[{"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Copyright is fine the way it is", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T14:00:00"}}]',
                primary_keys='2,3'
            )

        with six.assertRaisesRegex(self, management.CommandError,
                "You can only use --pks option with one model"):
            self._dumpdata_assert(
                ['fixtures.Article', 'fixtures.category'],
                '[{"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Copyright is fine the way it is", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T14:00:00"}}]',
                primary_keys='2,3'
            )

    def test_dumpdata_with_file_output(self):
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1.json', verbosity=0)
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures'], '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": "News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}, {"pk": 10, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Achieving self-awareness of Python programs", "authors": []}}]',
                filename='dumpdata.json')

    def test_compress_format_loading(self):
        # Load fixture 4 (compressed), using format specification
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture4.json', verbosity=0)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [
            '<Article: Django pets kitten>',
        ])

    def test_compressed_specified_loading(self):
        # Load fixture 5 (compressed), using format *and* compression specification
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture5.json.zip', verbosity=0)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [
            '<Article: WoW subscribers now outnumber readers>',
        ])

    def test_compressed_loading(self):
        # Load fixture 5 (compressed), only compression specification
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture5.zip', verbosity=0)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [
            '<Article: WoW subscribers now outnumber readers>',
        ])

    def test_ambiguous_compressed_fixture(self):
        # The name "fixture5" is ambiguous, so loading it will raise an error
        with self.assertRaises(management.CommandError) as cm:
            management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture5', verbosity=0)
            self.assertIn("Multiple fixtures named 'fixture5'", cm.exception.args[0])

    def test_db_loading(self):
        # Load db fixtures 1 and 2. These will load using the 'default' database identifier implicitly
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'db_fixture_1', verbosity=0)
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'db_fixture_2', verbosity=0)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [
            '<Article: Who needs more than one database?>',
            '<Article: Who needs to use compressed data?>',
        ])

    def test_loaddata_error_message(self):
        """
        Verifies that loading a fixture which contains an invalid object
        outputs an error message which contains the pk of the object
        that triggered the error.
        """
        # MySQL needs a little prodding to reject invalid data.
        # This won't affect other tests because the database connection
        # is closed at the end of each test.
        if connection.vendor == 'mysql':
            connection.cursor().execute("SET sql_mode = 'TRADITIONAL'")
        with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError) as cm:
            management.call_command('loaddata', 'invalid.json', verbosity=0)
            self.assertIn("Could not load fixtures.Article(pk=1):", cm.exception.args[0])

    @ignore_warnings(category=UserWarning, message="No fixture named")
    def test_loaddata_app_option(self):
        """
        Verifies that the --app option works.
        """
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'db_fixture_1', verbosity=0, app_label="someotherapp")
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [])
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'db_fixture_1', verbosity=0, app_label="fixtures")
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [
            '<Article: Who needs more than one database?>',
        ])

    def test_loading_using(self):
        # Load db fixtures 1 and 2. These will load using the 'default' database identifier explicitly
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'db_fixture_1', verbosity=0, using='default')
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'db_fixture_2', verbosity=0, using='default')
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [
            '<Article: Who needs more than one database?>',
            '<Article: Who needs to use compressed data?>',
        ])

    @ignore_warnings(category=UserWarning, message="No fixture named")
    def test_unmatched_identifier_loading(self):
        # Try to load db fixture 3. This won't load because the database identifier doesn't match
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'db_fixture_3', verbosity=0)
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'db_fixture_3', verbosity=0, using='default')
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [])

    def test_output_formats(self):
        # Load back in fixture 1, we need the articles from it
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1', verbosity=0)

        # Try to load fixture 6 using format discovery
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture6', verbosity=0)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Tag.objects.all(), [
            '<Tag: <Article: Time to reform copyright> tagged "copyright">',
            '<Tag: <Article: Time to reform copyright> tagged "law">'
        ], ordered=False)

        # Dump the current contents of the database as a JSON fixture
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures'], '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": "News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}, {"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.tag", "fields": {"tagged_type": ["fixtures", "article"], "name": "copyright", "tagged_id": 3}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.tag", "fields": {"tagged_type": ["fixtures", "article"], "name": "law", "tagged_id": 3}}, {"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.person", "fields": {"name": "Django Reinhardt"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.person", "fields": {"name": "Stephane Grappelli"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.person", "fields": {"name": "Prince"}}, {"pk": 10, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Achieving self-awareness of Python programs", "authors": []}}]', natural_foreign_keys=True)

        # Dump the current contents of the database as an XML fixture
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures'], """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<django-objects version="1.0"><object pk="1" model="fixtures.category"><field type="CharField" name="title">News Stories</field><field type="TextField" name="description">Latest news stories</field></object><object pk="2" model="fixtures.article"><field type="CharField" name="headline">Poker has no place on ESPN</field><field type="DateTimeField" name="pub_date">2006-06-16T12:00:00</field></object><object pk="3" model="fixtures.article"><field type="CharField" name="headline">Time to reform copyright</field><field type="DateTimeField" name="pub_date">2006-06-16T13:00:00</field></object><object pk="1" model="fixtures.tag"><field type="CharField" name="name">copyright</field><field to="contenttypes.contenttype" name="tagged_type" rel="ManyToOneRel"><natural>fixtures</natural><natural>article</natural></field><field type="PositiveIntegerField" name="tagged_id">3</field></object><object pk="2" model="fixtures.tag"><field type="CharField" name="name">law</field><field to="contenttypes.contenttype" name="tagged_type" rel="ManyToOneRel"><natural>fixtures</natural><natural>article</natural></field><field type="PositiveIntegerField" name="tagged_id">3</field></object><object pk="1" model="fixtures.person"><field type="CharField" name="name">Django Reinhardt</field></object><object pk="2" model="fixtures.person"><field type="CharField" name="name">Stephane Grappelli</field></object><object pk="3" model="fixtures.person"><field type="CharField" name="name">Prince</field></object><object pk="10" model="fixtures.book"><field type="CharField" name="name">Achieving self-awareness of Python programs</field><field to="fixtures.person" name="authors" rel="ManyToManyRel"></field></object></django-objects>""", format='xml', natural_foreign_keys=True)


class NonExistentFixtureTests(TestCase):
    """
    Custom class to limit fixture dirs.
    """
    available_apps = ['django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes']

    def test_loaddata_not_existent_fixture_file(self):
        stdout_output = six.StringIO()
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
            warnings.simplefilter("always")
            # With verbosity=2, we get both stdout output and a warning
            management.call_command(
                'loaddata',
                'this_fixture_doesnt_exist',
                verbosity=2,
                stdout=stdout_output,
            )
        self.assertIn("No fixture 'this_fixture_doesnt_exist' in",
            force_text(stdout_output.getvalue()))
        self.assertEqual(len(w), 1)
        self.assertEqual(force_text(w[0].message),
            "No fixture named 'this_fixture_doesnt_exist' found.")

        # An attempt to load a non-existent 'initial_data' fixture doesn't produce any warning
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
            management.call_command('loaddata', 'initial_data.json', verbosity=0)
        self.assertEqual(len(w), 0)


class FixtureTransactionTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TransactionTestCase):

    available_apps = [
        'fixtures',
        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
        'django.contrib.auth',
        'django.contrib.sites',
    ]

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_forward_references')
    def test_format_discovery(self):
        # Load fixture 1 again, using format discovery
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1', verbosity=0)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [
            '<Article: Time to reform copyright>',
            '<Article: Poker has no place on ESPN>',
        ])

        # Try to load fixture 2 using format discovery; this will fail
        # because there are two fixture2's in the fixtures directory
        with self.assertRaises(management.CommandError) as cm:
            management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture2', verbosity=0)
            self.assertIn("Multiple fixtures named 'fixture2'", cm.exception.args[0])

        # object list is unaffected
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [
            '<Article: Time to reform copyright>',
            '<Article: Poker has no place on ESPN>',
        ])

        # Dump the current contents of the database as a JSON fixture
        self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures'], '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": "News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}, {"pk": 10, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Achieving self-awareness of Python programs", "authors": []}}]')

        # Load fixture 4 (compressed), using format discovery
        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture4', verbosity=0)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [
            '<Article: Django pets kitten>',
            '<Article: Time to reform copyright>',
            '<Article: Poker has no place on ESPN>',
        ])