dulwich/dulwich/server.py

# server.py -- Implementation of the server side git protocols
# Copyright (C) 2008 John Carr <john.carr@unrouted.co.uk>
# Copyright(C) 2011-2012 Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@jelmer.uk>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR GPL-2.0-or-later
# Dulwich is dual-licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 and the GNU
# General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2.0
# or (at your option) any later version. You can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of either of these two licenses.
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#
# You should have received a copy of the licenses; if not, see
# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/> for a copy of the GNU General Public License
# and <http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> for a copy of the Apache
# License, Version 2.0.
#

"""Git smart network protocol server implementation.

For more detailed implementation on the network protocol, see the
Documentation/technical directory in the cgit distribution, and in particular:

* Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt
* Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt

Currently supported capabilities:

 * include-tag
 * thin-pack
 * multi_ack_detailed
 * multi_ack
 * side-band-64k
 * ofs-delta
 * no-progress
 * report-status
 * delete-refs
 * shallow
 * symref
"""

import collections
import os
import socket
import socketserver
import sys
import time
import zlib
from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Iterator, Mapping, Sequence
from collections.abc import Set as AbstractSet
from functools import partial
from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
from typing import Protocol as TypingProtocol

if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
    from collections.abc import Buffer
else:
    Buffer = bytes | bytearray | memoryview

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from .object_store import BaseObjectStore
    from .repo import BaseRepo

from dulwich import log_utils

from .archive import tar_stream
from .errors import (
    ApplyDeltaError,
    ChecksumMismatch,
    GitProtocolError,
    HookError,
    NotGitRepository,
    ObjectFormatException,
    UnexpectedCommandError,
)
from .object_store import MissingObjectFinder, PackBasedObjectStore, find_shallow
from .objects import Commit, ObjectID, Tree, valid_hexsha
from .pack import ObjectContainer, write_pack_from_container
from .protocol import (
    CAPABILITIES_REF,
    CAPABILITY_AGENT,
    CAPABILITY_DELETE_REFS,
    CAPABILITY_INCLUDE_TAG,
    CAPABILITY_MULTI_ACK,
    CAPABILITY_MULTI_ACK_DETAILED,
    CAPABILITY_NO_DONE,
    CAPABILITY_NO_PROGRESS,
    CAPABILITY_OFS_DELTA,
    CAPABILITY_QUIET,
    CAPABILITY_REPORT_STATUS,
    CAPABILITY_SHALLOW,
    CAPABILITY_SIDE_BAND_64K,
    CAPABILITY_THIN_PACK,
    COMMAND_DEEPEN,
    COMMAND_DONE,
    COMMAND_HAVE,
    COMMAND_SHALLOW,
    COMMAND_UNSHALLOW,
    COMMAND_WANT,
    MULTI_ACK,
    MULTI_ACK_DETAILED,
    NAK_LINE,
    SIDE_BAND_CHANNEL_DATA,
    SIDE_BAND_CHANNEL_FATAL,
    SIDE_BAND_CHANNEL_PROGRESS,
    SINGLE_ACK,
    TCP_GIT_PORT,
    ZERO_SHA,
    BufferedPktLineWriter,
    Protocol,
    ReceivableProtocol,
    ack_type,
    capability_agent,
    extract_capabilities,
    extract_want_line_capabilities,
    format_ack_line,
    format_ref_line,
    format_shallow_line,
    format_unshallow_line,
    symref_capabilities,
)
from .refs import PEELED_TAG_SUFFIX, Ref, RefsContainer, write_info_refs
from .repo import Repo

logger = log_utils.getLogger(__name__)


class Backend:
    """A backend for the Git smart server implementation."""

    def open_repository(self, path: str) -> "BackendRepo":
        """Open the repository at a path.

        Args:
          path: Path to the repository
        Raises:
          NotGitRepository: no git repository was found at path
        Returns: Instance of BackendRepo
        """
        raise NotImplementedError(self.open_repository)


class BackendRepo(TypingProtocol):
    """Repository abstraction used by the Git server.

    The methods required here are a subset of those provided by
    dulwich.repo.Repo.
    """

    object_store: PackBasedObjectStore
    refs: RefsContainer

    def get_refs(self) -> dict[bytes, bytes]:
        """Get all the refs in the repository.

        Returns: dict of name -> sha
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    def get_peeled(self, name: bytes) -> bytes | None:
        """Return the cached peeled value of a ref, if available.

        Args:
          name: Name of the ref to peel
        Returns: The peeled value of the ref. If the ref is known not point to
            a tag, this will be the SHA the ref refers to. If no cached
            information about a tag is available, this method may return None,
            but it should attempt to peel the tag if possible.
        """
        return None

    def find_missing_objects(
        self,
        determine_wants: Callable[[Mapping[bytes, bytes], int | None], list[bytes]],
        graph_walker: "_ProtocolGraphWalker",
        progress: Callable[[bytes], None] | None,
        *,
        get_tagged: Callable[[], dict[bytes, bytes]] | None = None,
        depth: int | None = None,
    ) -> Optional["MissingObjectFinder"]:
        """Yield the objects required for a list of commits.

        Args:
          determine_wants: Function to determine which objects the client wants
          graph_walker: Object used to walk the commit graph
          progress: is a callback to send progress messages to the client
          get_tagged: Function that returns a dict of pointed-to sha ->
            tag sha for including tags.
          depth: Maximum depth of commits to fetch for shallow clones
        """
        raise NotImplementedError


class DictBackend(Backend):
    """Trivial backend that looks up Git repositories in a dictionary."""

    def __init__(
        self, repos: dict[bytes, "BackendRepo"] | dict[str, "BackendRepo"]
    ) -> None:
        """Initialize a DictBackend.

        Args:
          repos: Dictionary mapping repository paths to BackendRepo instances
        """
        self.repos = repos

    def open_repository(self, path: str) -> BackendRepo:
        """Open repository at given path.

        Args:
          path: Path to the repository

        Returns:
          Repository object

        Raises:
          NotGitRepository: If no repository found at path
        """
        logger.debug("Opening repository at %s", path)
        # Handle both str and bytes keys for backward compatibility
        if path in self.repos:
            return self.repos[path]  # type: ignore

        # Try converting between str and bytes
        if isinstance(path, bytes):
            try:
                alt_path = path.decode("utf-8")
                if alt_path in self.repos:
                    return self.repos[alt_path]
            except UnicodeDecodeError:
                pass
        else:
            alt_path_bytes = path.encode("utf-8")
            if alt_path_bytes in self.repos:
                return self.repos[alt_path_bytes]  # type: ignore

        raise NotGitRepository(
            "No git repository was found at {path}".format(**dict(path=path))
        )


class FileSystemBackend(Backend):
    """Simple backend looking up Git repositories in the local file system."""

    def __init__(self, root: str = os.sep) -> None:
        """Initialize a FileSystemBackend.

        Args:
          root: Root directory to serve repositories from
        """
        super().__init__()
        self.root = (os.path.abspath(root) + os.sep).replace(os.sep * 2, os.sep)

    def open_repository(self, path: str) -> BackendRepo:
        """Open a repository from the filesystem.

        Args:
          path: Path to the repository relative to the root
        Returns: Repo instance
        Raises:
          NotGitRepository: If path is outside the root or not a git repository
        """
        logger.debug("opening repository at %s", path)
        # Ensure path is a string to avoid TypeError when joining with self.root
        path = os.fspath(path)
        if isinstance(path, bytes):
            path = os.fsdecode(path)
        abspath = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(self.root, path)) + os.sep
        normcase_abspath = os.path.normcase(abspath)
        normcase_root = os.path.normcase(self.root)
        if not normcase_abspath.startswith(normcase_root):
            raise NotGitRepository(f"Path {path!r} not inside root {self.root!r}")
        return Repo(abspath)  # type: ignore[return-value]


class Handler:
    """Smart protocol command handler base class."""

    def __init__(
        self, backend: Backend, proto: Protocol, stateless_rpc: bool = False
    ) -> None:
        """Initialize a Handler.

        Args:
          backend: Backend instance for repository access
          proto: Protocol instance for communication
          stateless_rpc: Whether this is a stateless RPC session
        """
        self.backend = backend
        self.proto = proto
        self.stateless_rpc = stateless_rpc

    def handle(self) -> None:
        """Handle a request."""
        raise NotImplementedError(self.handle)


class PackHandler(Handler):
    """Protocol handler for packs."""

    def __init__(
        self, backend: Backend, proto: Protocol, stateless_rpc: bool = False
    ) -> None:
        """Initialize a PackHandler.

        Args:
          backend: Backend instance for repository access
          proto: Protocol instance for communication
          stateless_rpc: Whether this is a stateless RPC session
        """
        super().__init__(backend, proto, stateless_rpc)
        self._client_capabilities: set[bytes] | None = None
        # Flags needed for the no-done capability
        self._done_received = False
        self.advertise_refs = False

    @classmethod
    def capabilities(cls) -> Iterable[bytes]:
        """Return a list of capabilities supported by this handler."""
        raise NotImplementedError(cls.capabilities)

    @classmethod
    def innocuous_capabilities(cls) -> Iterable[bytes]:
        """Return capabilities that don't affect protocol behavior.

        Returns:
            List of innocuous capability names
        """
        return [
            CAPABILITY_INCLUDE_TAG,
            CAPABILITY_THIN_PACK,
            CAPABILITY_NO_PROGRESS,
            CAPABILITY_OFS_DELTA,
            capability_agent(),
        ]

    @classmethod
    def required_capabilities(cls) -> Iterable[bytes]:
        """Return a list of capabilities that we require the client to have."""
        return []

    def set_client_capabilities(self, caps: Iterable[bytes]) -> None:
        """Set the client capabilities and validate them.

        Args:
          caps: List of capabilities requested by the client
        Raises:
          GitProtocolError: If client requests unsupported capability or lacks required ones
        """
        allowable_caps = set(self.innocuous_capabilities())
        allowable_caps.update(self.capabilities())
        for cap in caps:
            if cap.startswith(CAPABILITY_AGENT + b"="):
                continue
            if cap not in allowable_caps:
                raise GitProtocolError(
                    f"Client asked for capability {cap!r} that was not advertised."
                )
        for cap in self.required_capabilities():
            if cap not in caps:
                raise GitProtocolError(
                    f"Client does not support required capability {cap!r}."
                )
        self._client_capabilities = set(caps)
        logger.info("Client capabilities: %s", caps)

    def has_capability(self, cap: bytes) -> bool:
        """Check if the client supports a specific capability.

        Args:
          cap: Capability name to check
        Returns: True if the client supports the capability
        Raises:
          GitProtocolError: If called before client capabilities are set
        """
        if self._client_capabilities is None:
            raise GitProtocolError(
                f"Server attempted to access capability {cap!r} before asking client"
            )
        return cap in self._client_capabilities

    def notify_done(self) -> None:
        """Notify that the 'done' command has been received from the client."""
        self._done_received = True


class UploadPackHandler(PackHandler):
    """Protocol handler for uploading a pack to the client."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        backend: Backend,
        args: Sequence[str],
        proto: Protocol,
        stateless_rpc: bool = False,
        advertise_refs: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """Initialize an UploadPackHandler.

        Args:
          backend: Backend instance for repository access
          args: Command arguments (first arg is repository path)
          proto: Protocol instance for communication
          stateless_rpc: Whether this is a stateless RPC session
          advertise_refs: Whether to advertise refs
        """
        super().__init__(backend, proto, stateless_rpc=stateless_rpc)
        self.repo = backend.open_repository(args[0])
        self._graph_walker = None
        self.advertise_refs = advertise_refs
        # A state variable for denoting that the have list is still
        # being processed, and the client is not accepting any other
        # data (such as side-band, see the progress method here).
        self._processing_have_lines = False

    @classmethod
    def capabilities(cls) -> list[bytes]:
        """Return the list of capabilities supported by upload-pack."""
        return [
            CAPABILITY_MULTI_ACK_DETAILED,
            CAPABILITY_MULTI_ACK,
            CAPABILITY_SIDE_BAND_64K,
            CAPABILITY_THIN_PACK,
            CAPABILITY_OFS_DELTA,
            CAPABILITY_NO_PROGRESS,
            CAPABILITY_INCLUDE_TAG,
            CAPABILITY_SHALLOW,
            CAPABILITY_NO_DONE,
        ]

    @classmethod
    def required_capabilities(cls) -> tuple[bytes, ...]:
        """Return the list of capabilities required for upload-pack."""
        return (
            CAPABILITY_SIDE_BAND_64K,
            CAPABILITY_THIN_PACK,
            CAPABILITY_OFS_DELTA,
        )

    def progress(self, message: bytes) -> None:
        """Send a progress message to the client.

        Args:
          message: Progress message to send
        """

    def _start_pack_send_phase(self) -> None:
        """Start the pack sending phase, setting up sideband if supported."""
        if self.has_capability(CAPABILITY_SIDE_BAND_64K):
            # The provided haves are processed, and it is safe to send side-
            # band data now.
            if not self.has_capability(CAPABILITY_NO_PROGRESS):
                self.progress = partial(  # type: ignore
                    self.proto.write_sideband, SIDE_BAND_CHANNEL_PROGRESS
                )

            self.write_pack_data: Callable[[bytes], None] = partial(
                self.proto.write_sideband, SIDE_BAND_CHANNEL_DATA
            )
        else:
            # proto.write returns Optional[int], but we need to treat it as returning None
            # for compatibility with write_pack_from_container
            def write_data(data: bytes) -> None:
                self.proto.write(data)

            self.write_pack_data = write_data

    def get_tagged(
        self,
        refs: Mapping[bytes, bytes] | None = None,
        repo: BackendRepo | None = None,
    ) -> dict[ObjectID, ObjectID]:
        """Get a dict of peeled values of tags to their original tag shas.

        Args:
          refs: dict of refname -> sha of possible tags; defaults to all
            of the backend's refs.
          repo: optional Repo instance for getting peeled refs; defaults
            to the backend's repo, if available
        Returns: dict of peeled_sha -> tag_sha, where tag_sha is the sha of a
            tag whose peeled value is peeled_sha.
        """
        if not self.has_capability(CAPABILITY_INCLUDE_TAG):
            return {}
        if refs is None:
            refs = self.repo.get_refs()
        if repo is None:
            repo = getattr(self.repo, "repo", None)
            if repo is None:
                # Bail if we don't have a Repo available; this is ok since
                # clients must be able to handle if the server doesn't include
                # all relevant tags.
                # TODO: fix behavior when missing
                return {}
        # TODO(jelmer): Integrate this with the refs logic in
        # Repo.find_missing_objects
        tagged = {}
        for name, sha in refs.items():
            peeled_sha = repo.get_peeled(name)
            if peeled_sha is not None and peeled_sha != sha:
                tagged[peeled_sha] = sha
        return tagged

    def handle(self) -> None:
        """Handle an upload-pack request.

        This method processes the client's wants and haves, determines which
        objects to send, and writes the pack data to the client.
        """
        # Note the fact that client is only processing responses related
        # to the have lines it sent, and any other data (including side-
        # band) will be be considered a fatal error.
        self._processing_have_lines = True

        graph_walker = _ProtocolGraphWalker(
            self,
            self.repo.object_store,
            self.repo.get_peeled,
            self.repo.refs.get_symrefs,
        )
        wants = []

        def wants_wrapper(
            refs: Mapping[bytes, bytes], depth: int | None = None
        ) -> list[bytes]:
            wants.extend(graph_walker.determine_wants(refs, depth))
            return wants

        missing_objects = self.repo.find_missing_objects(
            wants_wrapper,
            graph_walker,
            self.progress,
            get_tagged=self.get_tagged,
        )

        # Did the process short-circuit (e.g. in a stateless RPC call)? Note
        # that the client still expects a 0-object pack in most cases.
        # Also, if it also happens that the object_iter is instantiated
        # with a graph walker with an implementation that talks over the
        # wire (which is this instance of this class) this will actually
        # iterate through everything and write things out to the wire.
        if len(wants) == 0:
            return

        # Handle shallow clone case where missing_objects can be None
        if missing_objects is None:
            return

        object_ids = list(missing_objects)

        if not graph_walker.handle_done(
            not self.has_capability(CAPABILITY_NO_DONE), self._done_received
        ):
            return

        self._start_pack_send_phase()
        self.progress((f"counting objects: {len(object_ids)}, done.\n").encode("ascii"))

        write_pack_from_container(
            self.write_pack_data,
            self.repo.object_store,
            object_ids,
        )
        # we are done
        self.proto.write_pkt_line(None)


def _split_proto_line(
    line: bytes | None, allowed: Iterable[bytes | None] | None
) -> tuple[bytes | None, bytes | int | None]:
    """Split a line read from the wire.

    Args:
      line: The line read from the wire.
      allowed: An iterable of command names that should be allowed.
        Command names not listed below as possible return values will be
        ignored.  If None, any commands from the possible return values are
        allowed.
    Returns: a tuple having one of the following forms:
        ('want', obj_id)
        ('have', obj_id)
        ('done', None)
        (None, None)  (for a flush-pkt)

    Raises:
      UnexpectedCommandError: if the line cannot be parsed into one of the
        allowed return values.
    """
    if not line:
        fields: list[bytes | None] = [None]
    else:
        fields = list(line.rstrip(b"\n").split(b" ", 1))
    command = fields[0]
    if allowed is not None and command not in allowed:
        raise UnexpectedCommandError(command.decode("utf-8") if command else None)
    if len(fields) == 1 and command in (COMMAND_DONE, None):
        return (command, None)
    elif len(fields) == 2:
        if command in (
            COMMAND_WANT,
            COMMAND_HAVE,
            COMMAND_SHALLOW,
            COMMAND_UNSHALLOW,
        ):
            assert fields[1] is not None
            if not valid_hexsha(fields[1]):
                raise GitProtocolError("Invalid sha")
            return (command, fields[1])
        elif command == COMMAND_DEEPEN:
            assert fields[1] is not None
            return command, int(fields[1])
    raise GitProtocolError(f"Received invalid line from client: {line!r}")


def _want_satisfied(
    store: ObjectContainer, haves: set[bytes], want: bytes, earliest: int
) -> bool:
    """Check if a specific want is satisfied by a set of haves.

    Args:
      store: Object store to retrieve objects from
      haves: Set of commit IDs the client has
      want: Commit ID the client wants
      earliest: Earliest commit time to consider
    Returns: True if the want is satisfied by the haves
    """
    o = store[want]
    pending = collections.deque([o])
    known = {want}
    while pending:
        commit = pending.popleft()
        if commit.id in haves:
            return True
        if not isinstance(commit, Commit):
            # non-commit wants are assumed to be satisfied
            continue
        for parent in commit.parents:
            if parent in known:
                continue
            known.add(parent)
            parent_obj = store[parent]
            assert isinstance(parent_obj, Commit)
            # TODO: handle parents with later commit times than children
            if parent_obj.commit_time >= earliest:
                pending.append(parent_obj)
    return False


def _all_wants_satisfied(
    store: ObjectContainer, haves: AbstractSet[bytes], wants: set[bytes]
) -> bool:
    """Check whether all the current wants are satisfied by a set of haves.

    Args:
      store: Object store to retrieve objects from
      haves: A set of commits we know the client has.
      wants: A set of commits the client wants
    Note: Wants are specified with set_wants rather than passed in since
        in the current interface they are determined outside this class.
    """
    haves = set(haves)
    if haves:
        have_objs = [store[h] for h in haves]
        earliest = min([h.commit_time for h in have_objs if isinstance(h, Commit)])
    else:
        earliest = 0
    for want in wants:
        if not _want_satisfied(store, haves, want, earliest):
            return False

    return True


class AckGraphWalkerImpl:
    """Base class for acknowledgment graph walker implementations."""

    def __init__(self, graph_walker: "_ProtocolGraphWalker") -> None:
        """Initialize acknowledgment graph walker.

        Args:
            graph_walker: Graph walker to wrap
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    def ack(self, have_ref: ObjectID) -> None:
        """Acknowledge a have reference.

        Args:
          have_ref: Object ID to acknowledge
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    def handle_done(self, done_required: bool, done_received: bool) -> bool:
        """Handle 'done' packet from client."""
        raise NotImplementedError


class _ProtocolGraphWalker:
    """A graph walker that knows the git protocol.

    As a graph walker, this class implements ack(), next(), and reset(). It
    also contains some base methods for interacting with the wire and walking
    the commit tree.

    The work of determining which acks to send is passed on to the
    implementation instance stored in _impl. The reason for this is that we do
    not know at object creation time what ack level the protocol requires. A
    call to set_ack_type() is required to set up the implementation, before
    any calls to next() or ack() are made.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        handler: PackHandler,
        object_store: ObjectContainer,
        get_peeled: Callable[[bytes], bytes | None],
        get_symrefs: Callable[[], dict[bytes, bytes]],
    ) -> None:
        """Initialize a ProtocolGraphWalker.

        Args:
          handler: Protocol handler instance
          object_store: Object store for retrieving objects
          get_peeled: Function to get peeled refs
          get_symrefs: Function to get symbolic refs
        """
        self.handler = handler
        self.store: ObjectContainer = object_store
        self.get_peeled = get_peeled
        self.get_symrefs = get_symrefs
        self.proto = handler.proto
        self.stateless_rpc = handler.stateless_rpc
        self.advertise_refs = handler.advertise_refs
        self._wants: list[bytes] = []
        self.shallow: set[bytes] = set()
        self.client_shallow: set[bytes] = set()
        self.unshallow: set[bytes] = set()
        self._cached = False
        self._cache: list[bytes] = []
        self._cache_index = 0
        self._impl: AckGraphWalkerImpl | None = None

    def determine_wants(
        self, heads: Mapping[bytes, bytes], depth: int | None = None
    ) -> list[bytes]:
        """Determine the wants for a set of heads.

        The given heads are advertised to the client, who then specifies which
        refs they want using 'want' lines. This portion of the protocol is the
        same regardless of ack type, and in fact is used to set the ack type of
        the ProtocolGraphWalker.

        If the client has the 'shallow' capability, this method also reads and
        responds to the 'shallow' and 'deepen' lines from the client. These are
        not part of the wants per se, but they set up necessary state for
        walking the graph. Additionally, later code depends on this method
        consuming everything up to the first 'have' line.

        Args:
          heads: a dict of refname->SHA1 to advertise
          depth: Maximum depth for shallow clones

        Returns: a list of SHA1s requested by the client
        """
        symrefs = self.get_symrefs()
        values = set(heads.values())
        if self.advertise_refs or not self.stateless_rpc:
            for i, (ref, sha) in enumerate(sorted(heads.items())):
                try:
                    peeled_sha = self.get_peeled(ref)
                except KeyError:
                    # Skip refs that are inaccessible
                    # TODO(jelmer): Integrate with Repo.find_missing_objects refs
                    # logic.
                    continue
                if i == 0:
                    logger.info("Sending capabilities: %s", self.handler.capabilities())
                    line = format_ref_line(
                        ref,
                        sha,
                        list(self.handler.capabilities())
                        + symref_capabilities(symrefs.items()),
                    )
                else:
                    line = format_ref_line(ref, sha)
                self.proto.write_pkt_line(line)
                if peeled_sha is not None and peeled_sha != sha:
                    self.proto.write_pkt_line(
                        format_ref_line(ref + PEELED_TAG_SUFFIX, peeled_sha)
                    )

            # i'm done..
            self.proto.write_pkt_line(None)

            if self.advertise_refs:
                return []

        # Now client will sending want want want commands
        want = self.proto.read_pkt_line()
        if not want:
            return []
        line, caps = extract_want_line_capabilities(want)
        self.handler.set_client_capabilities(caps)
        self.set_ack_type(ack_type(caps))
        allowed = (COMMAND_WANT, COMMAND_SHALLOW, COMMAND_DEEPEN, None)
        command, sha_result = _split_proto_line(line, allowed)

        want_revs = []
        while command == COMMAND_WANT:
            assert isinstance(sha_result, bytes)
            if sha_result not in values:
                raise GitProtocolError(f"Client wants invalid object {sha_result!r}")
            want_revs.append(sha_result)
            command, sha_result = self.read_proto_line(allowed)

        self.set_wants(want_revs)
        if command in (COMMAND_SHALLOW, COMMAND_DEEPEN):
            assert sha_result is not None
            self.unread_proto_line(command, sha_result)
            self._handle_shallow_request(want_revs)

        if self.stateless_rpc and self.proto.eof():
            # The client may close the socket at this point, expecting a
            # flush-pkt from the server. We might be ready to send a packfile
            # at this point, so we need to explicitly short-circuit in this
            # case.
            return []

        return want_revs

    def unread_proto_line(self, command: bytes, value: bytes | int) -> None:
        """Push a command back to be read again.

        Args:
          command: Command name
          value: Command value
        """
        if isinstance(value, int):
            value = str(value).encode("ascii")
        self.proto.unread_pkt_line(command + b" " + value)

    def nak(self) -> None:
        """Send a NAK response."""

    def ack(self, have_ref: bytes) -> None:
        """Acknowledge a have reference.

        Args:
          have_ref: SHA to acknowledge (40 bytes hex)

        Raises:
          ValueError: If have_ref is not 40 bytes
        """
        if len(have_ref) != 40:
            raise ValueError(f"invalid sha {have_ref!r}")
        assert self._impl is not None
        return self._impl.ack(have_ref)

    def reset(self) -> None:
        """Reset the graph walker cache."""
        self._cached = True
        self._cache_index = 0

    def next(self) -> bytes | None:
        """Get the next SHA from the graph walker.

        Returns: Next SHA or None if done
        """
        if not self._cached:
            if not self._impl and self.stateless_rpc:
                return None
            assert self._impl is not None
            return next(self._impl)  # type: ignore[call-overload, no-any-return]
        self._cache_index += 1
        if self._cache_index > len(self._cache):
            return None
        return self._cache[self._cache_index]

    __next__ = next

    def read_proto_line(
        self, allowed: Iterable[bytes | None] | None
    ) -> tuple[bytes | None, bytes | int | None]:
        """Read a line from the wire.

        Args:
          allowed: An iterable of command names that should be allowed.
        Returns: A tuple of (command, value); see _split_proto_line.

        Raises:
          UnexpectedCommandError: If an error occurred reading the line.
        """
        return _split_proto_line(self.proto.read_pkt_line(), allowed)

    def _handle_shallow_request(self, wants: Sequence[bytes]) -> None:
        """Handle shallow clone requests from the client.

        Args:
          wants: List of wanted object SHAs
        """
        while True:
            command, val = self.read_proto_line((COMMAND_DEEPEN, COMMAND_SHALLOW))
            if command == COMMAND_DEEPEN:
                assert isinstance(val, int)
                depth = val
                break
            assert isinstance(val, bytes)
            self.client_shallow.add(val)
        self.read_proto_line((None,))  # consume client's flush-pkt

        shallow, not_shallow = find_shallow(self.store, wants, depth)

        # Update self.shallow instead of reassigning it since we passed a
        # reference to it before this method was called.
        self.shallow.update(shallow - not_shallow)
        new_shallow = self.shallow - self.client_shallow
        unshallow = self.unshallow = not_shallow & self.client_shallow

        self.update_shallow(new_shallow, unshallow)

    def update_shallow(
        self, new_shallow: AbstractSet[bytes], unshallow: AbstractSet[bytes]
    ) -> None:
        """Update shallow/unshallow information to the client.

        Args:
          new_shallow: Set of newly shallow commits
          unshallow: Set of commits to unshallow
        """
        for sha in sorted(new_shallow):
            self.proto.write_pkt_line(format_shallow_line(sha))
        for sha in sorted(unshallow):
            self.proto.write_pkt_line(format_unshallow_line(sha))

        self.proto.write_pkt_line(None)

    def notify_done(self) -> None:
        """Notify that the client sent 'done'."""
        # relay the message down to the handler.
        self.handler.notify_done()

    def send_ack(self, sha: bytes, ack_type: bytes = b"") -> None:
        """Send an ACK to the client.

        Args:
          sha: SHA to acknowledge
          ack_type: Type of ACK (e.g., b'continue', b'ready')
        """
        self.proto.write_pkt_line(format_ack_line(sha, ack_type))

    def send_nak(self) -> None:
        """Send a NAK to the client."""
        self.proto.write_pkt_line(NAK_LINE)

    def handle_done(self, done_required: bool, done_received: bool) -> bool:
        """Handle the 'done' command.

        Args:
          done_required: Whether done is required
          done_received: Whether done was received
        Returns: True if done handling succeeded
        """
        # Delegate this to the implementation.
        assert self._impl is not None
        return self._impl.handle_done(done_required, done_received)

    def set_wants(self, wants: list[bytes]) -> None:
        """Set the list of wanted objects.

        Args:
          wants: List of wanted object SHAs
        """
        self._wants = wants

    def all_wants_satisfied(self, haves: AbstractSet[bytes]) -> bool:
        """Check whether all the current wants are satisfied by a set of haves.

        Args:
          haves: A set of commits we know the client has.
        Note: Wants are specified with set_wants rather than passed in since
            in the current interface they are determined outside this class.
        """
        return _all_wants_satisfied(self.store, haves, set(self._wants))

    def set_ack_type(self, ack_type: int) -> None:
        """Set the acknowledgment type for the graph walker.

        Args:
          ack_type: One of SINGLE_ACK, MULTI_ACK, or MULTI_ACK_DETAILED
        """
        impl_classes: dict[int, type[AckGraphWalkerImpl]] = {
            MULTI_ACK: MultiAckGraphWalkerImpl,
            MULTI_ACK_DETAILED: MultiAckDetailedGraphWalkerImpl,
            SINGLE_ACK: SingleAckGraphWalkerImpl,
        }
        self._impl = impl_classes[ack_type](self)


_GRAPH_WALKER_COMMANDS = (COMMAND_HAVE, COMMAND_DONE, None)


class SingleAckGraphWalkerImpl(AckGraphWalkerImpl):
    """Graph walker implementation that speaks the single-ack protocol."""

    def __init__(self, walker: "_ProtocolGraphWalker") -> None:
        """Initialize a SingleAckGraphWalkerImpl.

        Args:
          walker: Parent ProtocolGraphWalker instance
        """
        self.walker = walker
        self._common: list[bytes] = []

    def ack(self, have_ref: bytes) -> None:
        """Acknowledge a have reference.

        Args:
            have_ref: Object ID to acknowledge
        """
        if not self._common:
            self.walker.send_ack(have_ref)
            self._common.append(have_ref)

    def next(self) -> bytes | None:
        """Get next SHA from graph walker.

        Returns:
            SHA bytes or None if done
        """
        command, sha = self.walker.read_proto_line(_GRAPH_WALKER_COMMANDS)
        if command in (None, COMMAND_DONE):
            # defer the handling of done
            self.walker.notify_done()
            return None
        elif command == COMMAND_HAVE:
            assert isinstance(sha, bytes)
            return sha
        return None

    __next__ = next

    def handle_done(self, done_required: bool, done_received: bool) -> bool:
        """Handle done command.

        Args:
            done_required: Whether done is required
            done_received: Whether done was received

        Returns:
            True if handling completed successfully
        """
        if not self._common:
            self.walker.send_nak()

        if done_required and not done_received:
            # we are not done, especially when done is required; skip
            # the pack for this request and especially do not handle
            # the done.
            return False

        if not done_received and not self._common:
            # Okay we are not actually done then since the walker picked
            # up no haves.  This is usually triggered when client attempts
            # to pull from a source that has no common base_commit.
            # See: test_server.MultiAckDetailedGraphWalkerImplTestCase.\
            #          test_multi_ack_stateless_nodone
            return False

        return True


class MultiAckGraphWalkerImpl(AckGraphWalkerImpl):
    """Graph walker implementation that speaks the multi-ack protocol."""

    def __init__(self, walker: "_ProtocolGraphWalker") -> None:
        """Initialize multi-ack graph walker.

        Args:
            walker: Parent ProtocolGraphWalker instance
        """
        self.walker = walker
        self._found_base = False
        self._common: list[bytes] = []

    def ack(self, have_ref: bytes) -> None:
        """Acknowledge a have reference.

        Args:
            have_ref: Object ID to acknowledge
        """
        self._common.append(have_ref)
        if not self._found_base:
            self.walker.send_ack(have_ref, b"continue")
            if self.walker.all_wants_satisfied(set(self._common)):
                self._found_base = True
        # else we blind ack within next

    def next(self) -> bytes | None:
        """Get next SHA from graph walker.

        Returns:
            SHA bytes or None if done
        """
        while True:
            command, sha = self.walker.read_proto_line(_GRAPH_WALKER_COMMANDS)
            if command is None:
                self.walker.send_nak()
                # in multi-ack mode, a flush-pkt indicates the client wants to
                # flush but more have lines are still coming
                continue
            elif command == COMMAND_DONE:
                self.walker.notify_done()
                return None
            elif command == COMMAND_HAVE:
                assert isinstance(sha, bytes)
                if self._found_base:
                    # blind ack
                    self.walker.send_ack(sha, b"continue")
                return sha

    __next__ = next

    def handle_done(self, done_required: bool, done_received: bool) -> bool:
        """Handle done command.

        Args:
            done_required: Whether done is required
            done_received: Whether done was received

        Returns:
            True if handling completed successfully
        """
        if done_required and not done_received:
            # we are not done, especially when done is required; skip
            # the pack for this request and especially do not handle
            # the done.
            return False

        if not done_received and not self._common:
            # Okay we are not actually done then since the walker picked
            # up no haves.  This is usually triggered when client attempts
            # to pull from a source that has no common base_commit.
            # See: test_server.MultiAckDetailedGraphWalkerImplTestCase.\
            #          test_multi_ack_stateless_nodone
            return False

        # don't nak unless no common commits were found, even if not
        # everything is satisfied
        if self._common:
            self.walker.send_ack(self._common[-1])
        else:
            self.walker.send_nak()
        return True


class MultiAckDetailedGraphWalkerImpl(AckGraphWalkerImpl):
    """Graph walker implementation speaking the multi-ack-detailed protocol."""

    def __init__(self, walker: "_ProtocolGraphWalker") -> None:
        """Initialize multi-ack-detailed graph walker.

        Args:
            walker: Parent ProtocolGraphWalker instance
        """
        self.walker = walker
        self._common: list[bytes] = []

    def ack(self, have_ref: bytes) -> None:
        """Acknowledge a have reference.

        Args:
            have_ref: Object ID to acknowledge
        """
        # Should only be called iff have_ref is common
        self._common.append(have_ref)
        self.walker.send_ack(have_ref, b"common")

    def next(self) -> bytes | None:
        """Get next SHA from graph walker.

        Returns:
            SHA bytes or None if done
        """
        while True:
            command, sha = self.walker.read_proto_line(_GRAPH_WALKER_COMMANDS)
            if command is None:
                if self.walker.all_wants_satisfied(set(self._common)):
                    self.walker.send_ack(self._common[-1], b"ready")
                self.walker.send_nak()
                if self.walker.stateless_rpc:
                    # The HTTP version of this request a flush-pkt always
                    # signifies an end of request, so we also return
                    # nothing here as if we are done (but not really, as
                    # it depends on whether no-done capability was
                    # specified and that's handled in handle_done which
                    # may or may not call post_nodone_check depending on
                    # that).
                    return None
            elif command == COMMAND_DONE:
                # Let the walker know that we got a done.
                self.walker.notify_done()
                break
            elif command == COMMAND_HAVE:
                # return the sha and let the caller ACK it with the
                # above ack method.
                assert isinstance(sha, bytes)
                return sha
        # don't nak unless no common commits were found, even if not
        # everything is satisfied
        return None

    __next__ = next

    def handle_done(self, done_required: bool, done_received: bool) -> bool:
        """Handle done command.

        Args:
            done_required: Whether done is required
            done_received: Whether done was received

        Returns:
            True if handling completed successfully
        """
        if done_required and not done_received:
            # we are not done, especially when done is required; skip
            # the pack for this request and especially do not handle
            # the done.
            return False

        if not done_received and not self._common:
            # Okay we are not actually done then since the walker picked
            # up no haves.  This is usually triggered when client attempts
            # to pull from a source that has no common base_commit.
            # See: test_server.MultiAckDetailedGraphWalkerImplTestCase.\
            #          test_multi_ack_stateless_nodone
            return False

        # don't nak unless no common commits were found, even if not
        # everything is satisfied
        if self._common:
            self.walker.send_ack(self._common[-1])
        else:
            self.walker.send_nak()
        return True


class ReceivePackHandler(PackHandler):
    """Protocol handler for downloading a pack from the client."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        backend: Backend,
        args: Sequence[str],
        proto: Protocol,
        stateless_rpc: bool = False,
        advertise_refs: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """Initialize receive-pack handler.

        Args:
            backend: Backend instance
            args: Command arguments
            proto: Protocol instance
            stateless_rpc: Whether to use stateless RPC
            advertise_refs: Whether to advertise refs
        """
        super().__init__(backend, proto, stateless_rpc=stateless_rpc)
        self.repo = backend.open_repository(args[0])
        self.advertise_refs = advertise_refs

    @classmethod
    def capabilities(cls) -> Iterable[bytes]:
        """Return supported capabilities.

        Returns:
            List of capability names
        """
        return [
            CAPABILITY_REPORT_STATUS,
            CAPABILITY_DELETE_REFS,
            CAPABILITY_QUIET,
            CAPABILITY_OFS_DELTA,
            CAPABILITY_SIDE_BAND_64K,
            CAPABILITY_NO_DONE,
        ]

    def _apply_pack(
        self, refs: list[tuple[ObjectID, ObjectID, Ref]]
    ) -> Iterator[tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
        """Apply received pack to repository.

        Args:
            refs: List of (old_sha, new_sha, ref_name) tuples

        Yields:
            Tuples of (ref_name, error_message) for any errors
        """
        all_exceptions = (
            IOError,
            OSError,
            ChecksumMismatch,
            ApplyDeltaError,
            AssertionError,
            socket.error,
            zlib.error,
            ObjectFormatException,
        )
        will_send_pack = False

        for command in refs:
            if command[1] != ZERO_SHA:
                will_send_pack = True

        if will_send_pack:
            # TODO: more informative error messages than just the exception
            # string
            try:
                recv = getattr(self.proto, "recv", None)
                self.repo.object_store.add_thin_pack(self.proto.read, recv)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
                yield (b"unpack", b"ok")
            except all_exceptions as e:
                yield (b"unpack", str(e).replace("\n", "").encode("utf-8"))
                # The pack may still have been moved in, but it may contain
                # broken objects. We trust a later GC to clean it up.
        else:
            # The git protocol want to find a status entry related to unpack
            # process even if no pack data has been sent.
            yield (b"unpack", b"ok")

        for oldsha, sha, ref in refs:
            ref_status = b"ok"
            try:
                if sha == ZERO_SHA:
                    if CAPABILITY_DELETE_REFS not in self.capabilities():
                        raise GitProtocolError(
                            "Attempted to delete refs without delete-refs capability."
                        )
                    try:
                        self.repo.refs.remove_if_equals(ref, oldsha)
                    except all_exceptions:
                        ref_status = b"failed to delete"
                else:
                    try:
                        self.repo.refs.set_if_equals(ref, oldsha, sha)
                    except all_exceptions:
                        ref_status = b"failed to write"
            except KeyError:
                ref_status = b"bad ref"
            yield (ref, ref_status)

    def _report_status(self, status: Sequence[tuple[bytes, bytes]]) -> None:
        """Report status to client.

        Args:
            status: List of (ref_name, status_message) tuples
        """
        if self.has_capability(CAPABILITY_SIDE_BAND_64K):
            writer = BufferedPktLineWriter(
                lambda d: self.proto.write_sideband(SIDE_BAND_CHANNEL_DATA, d)
            )
            write = writer.write

            def flush() -> None:
                writer.flush()
                self.proto.write_pkt_line(None)

        else:
            write = self.proto.write_pkt_line  # type: ignore[assignment]

            def flush() -> None:
                pass

        for name, msg in status:
            if name == b"unpack":
                write(b"unpack " + msg + b"\n")
            elif msg == b"ok":
                write(b"ok " + name + b"\n")
            else:
                write(b"ng " + name + b" " + msg + b"\n")
        write(None)  # type: ignore
        flush()

    def _on_post_receive(self, client_refs: dict[bytes, tuple[bytes, bytes]]) -> None:
        """Run post-receive hook.

        Args:
            client_refs: Dictionary of ref changes from client
        """
        hook = self.repo.hooks.get("post-receive", None)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
        if not hook:
            return
        try:
            output = hook.execute(client_refs)
            if output:
                self.proto.write_sideband(SIDE_BAND_CHANNEL_PROGRESS, output)
        except HookError as err:
            self.proto.write_sideband(SIDE_BAND_CHANNEL_FATAL, str(err).encode("utf-8"))

    def handle(self) -> None:
        """Handle receive-pack request."""
        if self.advertise_refs or not self.stateless_rpc:
            refs = sorted(self.repo.get_refs().items())
            symrefs = sorted(self.repo.refs.get_symrefs().items())

            if not refs:
                refs = [(CAPABILITIES_REF, ZERO_SHA)]
            logger.info("Sending capabilities: %s", self.capabilities())
            self.proto.write_pkt_line(
                format_ref_line(
                    refs[0][0],
                    refs[0][1],
                    list(self.capabilities()) + symref_capabilities(symrefs),
                )
            )
            for i in range(1, len(refs)):
                ref = refs[i]
                self.proto.write_pkt_line(format_ref_line(ref[0], ref[1]))

            self.proto.write_pkt_line(None)
            if self.advertise_refs:
                return

        client_refs = []
        ref_line = self.proto.read_pkt_line()

        # if ref is none then client doesn't want to send us anything..
        if ref_line is None:
            return

        ref_line, caps = extract_capabilities(ref_line)
        self.set_client_capabilities(caps)

        # client will now send us a list of (oldsha, newsha, ref)
        while ref_line:
            (oldsha, newsha, ref_name) = ref_line.split()
            client_refs.append((oldsha, newsha, ref_name))
            ref_line = self.proto.read_pkt_line()

        # backend can now deal with this refs and read a pack using self.read
        status = list(self._apply_pack(client_refs))

        self._on_post_receive(client_refs)  # type: ignore[arg-type]

        # when we have read all the pack from the client, send a status report
        # if the client asked for it
        if self.has_capability(CAPABILITY_REPORT_STATUS):
            self._report_status(status)


class UploadArchiveHandler(Handler):
    """Handler for git-upload-archive requests."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        backend: Backend,
        args: Sequence[str],
        proto: Protocol,
        stateless_rpc: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """Initialize upload-archive handler.

        Args:
            backend: Backend instance
            args: Command arguments
            proto: Protocol instance
            stateless_rpc: Whether to use stateless RPC
        """
        super().__init__(backend, proto, stateless_rpc)
        self.repo = backend.open_repository(args[0])

    def handle(self) -> None:
        """Handle upload-archive request."""

        def write(x: bytes) -> None:
            self.proto.write_sideband(SIDE_BAND_CHANNEL_DATA, x)

        arguments = []
        for pkt in self.proto.read_pkt_seq():
            (key, value) = pkt.split(b" ", 1)
            if key != b"argument":
                raise GitProtocolError(f"unknown command {key!r}")
            arguments.append(value.rstrip(b"\n"))
        prefix = b""
        format = "tar"
        i = 0
        store: BaseObjectStore = self.repo.object_store
        while i < len(arguments):
            argument = arguments[i]
            if argument == b"--prefix":
                i += 1
                prefix = arguments[i]
            elif argument == b"--format":
                i += 1
                format = arguments[i].decode("ascii")
            else:
                commit_sha = self.repo.refs[argument]
                commit_obj = store[commit_sha]
                assert isinstance(commit_obj, Commit)
                tree_obj = store[commit_obj.tree]
                assert isinstance(tree_obj, Tree)
                tree = tree_obj
            i += 1
        self.proto.write_pkt_line(b"ACK")
        self.proto.write_pkt_line(None)
        for chunk in tar_stream(
            store,
            tree,
            mtime=int(time.time()),
            prefix=prefix,
            format=format,
        ):
            write(chunk)
        self.proto.write_pkt_line(None)


# Default handler classes for git services.
DEFAULT_HANDLERS = {
    b"git-upload-pack": UploadPackHandler,
    b"git-receive-pack": ReceivePackHandler,
    b"git-upload-archive": UploadArchiveHandler,
}


class TCPGitRequestHandler(socketserver.StreamRequestHandler):
    """TCP request handler for git protocol."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        handlers: dict[bytes, type[Handler]],
        request: socket.socket,
        client_address: tuple[str, int],
        server: socketserver.TCPServer,
    ) -> None:
        """Initialize TCP request handler.

        Args:
            handlers: Dictionary mapping commands to handler classes
            request: Request socket
            client_address: Client address tuple
            server: Server instance
        """
        self.handlers = handlers
        socketserver.StreamRequestHandler.__init__(
            self, request, client_address, server
        )

    def handle(self) -> None:
        """Handle TCP git request."""
        proto = ReceivableProtocol(self.connection.recv, self.wfile.write)
        command, args = proto.read_cmd()
        logger.info("Handling %s request, args=%s", command, args)

        cls = self.handlers.get(command, None)
        if not callable(cls):
            raise GitProtocolError(f"Invalid service {command!r}")
        h = cls(self.server.backend, args, proto)  # type: ignore
        h.handle()


class TCPGitServer(socketserver.TCPServer):
    """TCP server for git protocol."""

    allow_reuse_address = True
    serve = socketserver.TCPServer.serve_forever

    def _make_handler(
        self,
        request: socket.socket,
        client_address: tuple[str, int],
        server: socketserver.TCPServer,
    ) -> TCPGitRequestHandler:
        """Create request handler instance.

        Args:
            request: Request socket
            client_address: Client address tuple
            server: Server instance

        Returns:
            TCPGitRequestHandler instance
        """
        return TCPGitRequestHandler(self.handlers, request, client_address, server)

    def __init__(
        self,
        backend: Backend,
        listen_addr: str,
        port: int = TCP_GIT_PORT,
        handlers: dict[bytes, type[Handler]] | None = None,
    ) -> None:
        """Initialize TCP git server.

        Args:
            backend: Backend instance
            listen_addr: Address to listen on
            port: Port to listen on (default: TCP_GIT_PORT)
            handlers: Optional dictionary of custom handlers
        """
        self.handlers = dict(DEFAULT_HANDLERS)
        if handlers is not None:
            self.handlers.update(handlers)
        self.backend = backend
        logger.info("Listening for TCP connections on %s:%d", listen_addr, port)
        socketserver.TCPServer.__init__(self, (listen_addr, port), self._make_handler)

    def verify_request(
        self,
        request: socket.socket | tuple[bytes, socket.socket],
        client_address: tuple[str, int] | socket.socket,
    ) -> bool:
        """Verify incoming request.

        Args:
            request: Request socket
            client_address: Client address tuple

        Returns:
            True to accept request
        """
        logger.info("Handling request from %s", client_address)
        return True

    def handle_error(
        self,
        request: socket.socket | tuple[bytes, socket.socket],
        client_address: tuple[str, int] | socket.socket,
    ) -> None:
        """Handle request processing errors.

        Args:
            request: Request socket
            client_address: Client address tuple
        """
        logger.exception(
            "Exception happened during processing of request from %s",
            client_address,
        )


def main(argv: list[str] = sys.argv) -> None:
    """Entry point for starting a TCP git server."""
    import optparse

    parser = optparse.OptionParser()
    parser.add_option(
        "-l",
        "--listen_address",
        dest="listen_address",
        default="localhost",
        help="Binding IP address.",
    )
    parser.add_option(
        "-p",
        "--port",
        dest="port",
        type=int,
        default=TCP_GIT_PORT,
        help="Binding TCP port.",
    )
    options, args = parser.parse_args(argv)

    log_utils.default_logging_config()
    if len(args) > 1:
        gitdir = args[1]
    else:
        gitdir = "."
    # TODO(jelmer): Support git-daemon-export-ok and --export-all.
    backend = FileSystemBackend(gitdir)
    server = TCPGitServer(backend, options.listen_address, options.port)
    server.serve_forever()


def serve_command(
    handler_cls: type[Handler],
    argv: list[str] = sys.argv,
    backend: Backend | None = None,
    inf: IO[bytes] | None = None,
    outf: IO[bytes] | None = None,
) -> int:
    """Serve a single command.

    This is mostly useful for the implementation of commands used by e.g.
    git+ssh.

    Args:
      handler_cls: `Handler` class to use for the request
      argv: execv-style command-line arguments. Defaults to sys.argv.
      backend: `Backend` to use
      inf: File-like object to read from, defaults to standard input.
      outf: File-like object to write to, defaults to standard output.
    Returns: Exit code for use with sys.exit. 0 on success, 1 on failure.
    """
    if backend is None:
        backend = FileSystemBackend()

    if inf is None:
        inf = sys.stdin.buffer
    if outf is None:
        outf = sys.stdout.buffer

    def send_fn(data: bytes) -> None:
        outf.write(data)
        outf.flush()

    proto = Protocol(inf.read, send_fn)
    handler = handler_cls(backend, argv[1:], proto)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
    # FIXME: Catch exceptions and write a single-line summary to outf.
    handler.handle()
    return 0


def generate_info_refs(repo: "BaseRepo") -> Iterator[bytes]:
    """Generate an info refs file."""
    refs = repo.get_refs()
    return write_info_refs(refs, repo.object_store)


def generate_objects_info_packs(repo: "BaseRepo") -> Iterator[bytes]:
    """Generate an index for for packs."""
    for pack in repo.object_store.packs:
        yield (b"P " + os.fsencode(pack.data.filename) + b"\n")


def update_server_info(repo: "BaseRepo") -> None:
    """Generate server info for dumb file access.

    This generates info/refs and objects/info/packs,
    similar to "git update-server-info".
    """
    repo._put_named_file(
        os.path.join("info", "refs"), b"".join(generate_info_refs(repo))
    )

    repo._put_named_file(
        os.path.join("objects", "info", "packs"),
        b"".join(generate_objects_info_packs(repo)),
    )


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()