dulwich/dulwich/cli.py

#
# dulwich - Simple command-line interface to Dulwich
# Copyright (C) 2008-2011 Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@jelmer.uk>
# vim: expandtab
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR GPL-2.0-or-later
# Dulwich is dual-licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 and the GNU
# General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2.0
# or (at your option) any later version. You can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of either of these two licenses.
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#
# You should have received a copy of the licenses; if not, see
# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/> for a copy of the GNU General Public License
# and <http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> for a copy of the Apache
# License, Version 2.0.
#

"""Simple command-line interface to Dulwich>.

This is a very simple command-line wrapper for Dulwich. It is by
no means intended to be a full-blown Git command-line interface but just
a way to test Dulwich.
"""

import argparse
import logging
import os
import shutil
import signal
import subprocess
import sys
import tempfile
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Callable, ClassVar, Optional, Union

from dulwich import porcelain

from .bundle import create_bundle_from_repo, read_bundle, write_bundle
from .client import GitProtocolError, get_transport_and_path
from .errors import ApplyDeltaError
from .index import Index
from .objects import valid_hexsha
from .objectspec import parse_commit_range
from .pack import Pack, sha_to_hex
from .repo import Repo


class CommitMessageError(Exception):
    """Raised when there's an issue with the commit message."""


def signal_int(signal, frame) -> None:
    sys.exit(1)


def signal_quit(signal, frame) -> None:
    import pdb

    pdb.set_trace()


def parse_relative_time(time_str):
    """Parse a relative time string like '2 weeks ago' into seconds.

    Args:
        time_str: String like '2 weeks ago' or 'now'

    Returns:
        Number of seconds

    Raises:
        ValueError: If the time string cannot be parsed
    """
    if time_str == "now":
        return 0

    if not time_str.endswith(" ago"):
        raise ValueError(f"Invalid relative time format: {time_str}")

    parts = time_str[:-4].split()
    if len(parts) != 2:
        raise ValueError(f"Invalid relative time format: {time_str}")

    try:
        num = int(parts[0])
        unit = parts[1]

        multipliers = {
            "second": 1,
            "seconds": 1,
            "minute": 60,
            "minutes": 60,
            "hour": 3600,
            "hours": 3600,
            "day": 86400,
            "days": 86400,
            "week": 604800,
            "weeks": 604800,
        }

        if unit in multipliers:
            return num * multipliers[unit]
        else:
            raise ValueError(f"Unknown time unit: {unit}")
    except ValueError as e:
        if "invalid literal" in str(e):
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid number in relative time: {parts[0]}")
        raise


def format_bytes(bytes):
    """Format bytes as human-readable string.

    Args:
        bytes: Number of bytes

    Returns:
        Human-readable string like "1.5 MB"
    """
    for unit in ["B", "KB", "MB", "GB"]:
        if bytes < 1024.0:
            return f"{bytes:.1f} {unit}"
        bytes /= 1024.0
    return f"{bytes:.1f} TB"


def launch_editor(template_content=b""):
    """Launch an editor for the user to enter text.

    Args:
        template_content: Initial content for the editor

    Returns:
        The edited content as bytes
    """
    # Determine which editor to use
    editor = os.environ.get("GIT_EDITOR") or os.environ.get("EDITOR") or "vi"

    # Create a temporary file
    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode="wb", delete=False, suffix=".txt") as f:
        temp_file = f.name
        f.write(template_content)

    try:
        # Launch the editor
        subprocess.run([editor, temp_file], check=True)

        # Read the edited content
        with open(temp_file, "rb") as f:
            content = f.read()

        return content
    finally:
        # Clean up the temporary file
        os.unlink(temp_file)


class PagerBuffer:
    """Binary buffer wrapper for Pager to mimic sys.stdout.buffer."""

    def __init__(self, pager):
        self.pager = pager

    def write(self, data: bytes):
        """Write bytes to pager."""
        if isinstance(data, bytes):
            text = data.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
            return self.pager.write(text)
        return self.pager.write(data)

    def flush(self):
        """Flush the pager."""
        return self.pager.flush()

    def writelines(self, lines):
        """Write multiple lines to pager."""
        for line in lines:
            self.write(line)

    def readable(self):
        """Return whether the buffer is readable (it's not)."""
        return False

    def writable(self):
        """Return whether the buffer is writable."""
        return not self.pager._closed

    def seekable(self):
        """Return whether the buffer is seekable (it's not)."""
        return False

    def close(self):
        """Close the pager."""
        return self.pager.close()

    @property
    def closed(self):
        """Return whether the buffer is closed."""
        return self.pager.closed


class Pager:
    """File-like object that pages output through external pager programs."""

    def __init__(self, pager_cmd="cat"):
        self.pager_process = None
        self.buffer = PagerBuffer(self)
        self._closed = False
        self.pager_cmd = pager_cmd
        self._pager_died = False

    def _get_pager_command(self) -> str:
        """Get the pager command to use."""
        return self.pager_cmd

    def _ensure_pager_started(self):
        """Start the pager process if not already started."""
        if self.pager_process is None and not self._closed:
            try:
                pager_cmd = self._get_pager_command()
                self.pager_process = subprocess.Popen(
                    pager_cmd,
                    shell=True,
                    stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
                    stdout=sys.stdout,
                    stderr=sys.stderr,
                    text=True,
                )
            except (OSError, subprocess.SubprocessError):
                # Pager failed to start, fall back to direct output
                self.pager_process = None

    def write(self, text: str) -> int:
        """Write text to the pager."""
        if self._closed:
            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")

        # If pager died (user quit), stop writing output
        if self._pager_died:
            return len(text)

        self._ensure_pager_started()

        if self.pager_process and self.pager_process.stdin:
            try:
                return self.pager_process.stdin.write(text)
            except (OSError, subprocess.SubprocessError, BrokenPipeError):
                # Pager died (user quit), stop writing output
                self._pager_died = True
                return len(text)
        else:
            # No pager available, write directly to stdout
            return sys.stdout.write(text)

    def flush(self):
        """Flush the pager."""
        if self._closed or self._pager_died:
            return

        if self.pager_process and self.pager_process.stdin:
            try:
                self.pager_process.stdin.flush()
            except (OSError, subprocess.SubprocessError, BrokenPipeError):
                self._pager_died = True
        else:
            sys.stdout.flush()

    def close(self):
        """Close the pager."""
        if self._closed:
            return

        self._closed = True
        if self.pager_process:
            try:
                if self.pager_process.stdin:
                    self.pager_process.stdin.close()
                self.pager_process.wait()
            except (OSError, subprocess.SubprocessError):
                pass
            self.pager_process = None

    def __enter__(self):
        """Context manager entry."""
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        """Context manager exit."""
        self.close()

    # Additional file-like methods for compatibility
    def writelines(self, lines):
        """Write a list of lines to the pager."""
        if self._pager_died:
            return
        for line in lines:
            self.write(line)

    @property
    def closed(self):
        """Return whether the pager is closed."""
        return self._closed

    def readable(self):
        """Return whether the pager is readable (it's not)."""
        return False

    def writable(self):
        """Return whether the pager is writable."""
        return not self._closed

    def seekable(self):
        """Return whether the pager is seekable (it's not)."""
        return False


class _StreamContextAdapter:
    """Adapter to make streams work with context manager protocol."""

    def __init__(self, stream):
        self.stream = stream
        # Expose buffer if it exists
        if hasattr(stream, "buffer"):
            self.buffer = stream.buffer
        else:
            self.buffer = stream

    def __enter__(self):
        return self.stream

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        # For stdout/stderr, we don't close them
        pass

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        return getattr(self.stream, name)


def get_pager(config=None, cmd_name=None):
    """Get a pager instance if paging should be used, otherwise return sys.stdout.

    Args:
        config: Optional config instance (e.g., StackedConfig) to read settings from
        cmd_name: Optional command name for per-command pager settings

    Returns:
        Either a wrapped sys.stdout or a Pager instance (both context managers)
    """
    # Check global pager disable flag
    if getattr(get_pager, "_disabled", False):
        return _StreamContextAdapter(sys.stdout)

    # Don't page if stdout is not a terminal
    if not sys.stdout.isatty():
        return _StreamContextAdapter(sys.stdout)

    # Priority order for pager command (following git's behavior):
    # 1. Check pager.<cmd> config (if cmd_name provided)
    # 2. Check environment variables: DULWICH_PAGER, GIT_PAGER, PAGER
    # 3. Check core.pager config
    # 4. Fallback to common pagers

    pager_cmd = None

    # 1. Check per-command pager config (pager.<cmd>)
    if config and cmd_name:
        try:
            pager_value = config.get(
                ("pager",), cmd_name.encode() if isinstance(cmd_name, str) else cmd_name
            )
        except KeyError:
            pass
        else:
            if pager_value == b"false":
                return _StreamContextAdapter(sys.stdout)
            elif pager_value != b"true":
                # It's a custom pager command
                pager_cmd = (
                    pager_value.decode()
                    if isinstance(pager_value, bytes)
                    else pager_value
                )

    # 2. Check environment variables
    if not pager_cmd:
        for env_var in ["DULWICH_PAGER", "GIT_PAGER", "PAGER"]:
            pager = os.environ.get(env_var)
            if pager:
                if pager == "false":
                    return _StreamContextAdapter(sys.stdout)
                pager_cmd = pager
                break

    # 3. Check core.pager config
    if not pager_cmd and config:
        try:
            core_pager = config.get(("core",), b"pager")
        except KeyError:
            pass
        else:
            if core_pager == b"false" or core_pager == b"":
                return _StreamContextAdapter(sys.stdout)
            pager_cmd = (
                core_pager.decode() if isinstance(core_pager, bytes) else core_pager
            )

    # 4. Fallback to common pagers
    if not pager_cmd:
        for pager in ["less", "more", "cat"]:
            if shutil.which(pager):
                if pager == "less":
                    pager_cmd = "less -FRX"  # -F: quit if one screen, -R: raw control chars, -X: no init/deinit
                else:
                    pager_cmd = pager
                break
        else:
            pager_cmd = "cat"  # Ultimate fallback

    return Pager(pager_cmd)


def disable_pager():
    """Disable pager for this session."""
    get_pager._disabled = True


def enable_pager():
    """Enable pager for this session."""
    get_pager._disabled = False


class Command:
    """A Dulwich subcommand."""

    def run(self, args) -> Optional[int]:
        """Run the command."""
        raise NotImplementedError(self.run)


class cmd_archive(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "--remote",
            type=str,
            help="Retrieve archive from specified remote repo",
        )
        parser.add_argument("committish", type=str, nargs="?")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        if args.remote:
            client, path = get_transport_and_path(args.remote)
            client.archive(
                path,
                args.committish,
                sys.stdout.write,
                write_error=sys.stderr.write,
            )
        else:
            # Use buffer if available (for binary output), otherwise use stdout
            outstream = getattr(sys.stdout, "buffer", sys.stdout)
            porcelain.archive(
                ".", args.committish, outstream=outstream, errstream=sys.stderr
            )


class cmd_add(Command):
    def run(self, argv) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("path", nargs="+")
        args = parser.parse_args(argv)

        # Convert '.' to None to add all files
        paths = args.path
        if len(paths) == 1 and paths[0] == ".":
            paths = None

        porcelain.add(".", paths=paths)


class cmd_annotate(Command):
    def run(self, argv) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("path", help="Path to file to annotate")
        parser.add_argument("committish", nargs="?", help="Commit to start from")
        args = parser.parse_args(argv)

        with Repo(".") as repo:
            config = repo.get_config_stack()
            with get_pager(config=config, cmd_name="annotate") as outstream:
                results = porcelain.annotate(repo, args.path, args.committish)
                for (commit, entry), line in results:
                    # Show shortened commit hash and line content
                    commit_hash = commit.id[:8]
                    outstream.write(f"{commit_hash.decode()} {line.decode()}\n")


class cmd_blame(Command):
    def run(self, argv) -> None:
        # blame is an alias for annotate
        cmd_annotate().run(argv)


class cmd_rm(Command):
    def run(self, argv) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "--cached", action="store_true", help="Remove from index only"
        )
        parser.add_argument("path", type=Path, nargs="+")
        args = parser.parse_args(argv)

        porcelain.remove(".", paths=args.path, cached=args.cached)


class cmd_mv(Command):
    def run(self, argv) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "-f",
            "--force",
            action="store_true",
            help="Force move even if destination exists",
        )
        parser.add_argument("source", type=Path)
        parser.add_argument("destination", type=Path)
        args = parser.parse_args(argv)

        porcelain.mv(".", args.source, args.destination, force=args.force)


class cmd_fetch_pack(Command):
    def run(self, argv) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("--all", action="store_true")
        parser.add_argument("location", nargs="?", type=str)
        parser.add_argument("refs", nargs="*", type=str)
        args = parser.parse_args(argv)
        client, path = get_transport_and_path(args.location)
        r = Repo(".")
        if args.all:
            determine_wants = r.object_store.determine_wants_all
        else:

            def determine_wants(refs, depth: Optional[int] = None):
                return [y.encode("utf-8") for y in args.refs if y not in r.object_store]

        client.fetch(path, r, determine_wants)


class cmd_fetch(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("location", help="Remote location to fetch from")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        client, path = get_transport_and_path(args.location)
        r = Repo(".")

        def progress(msg: bytes) -> None:
            sys.stdout.buffer.write(msg)

        refs = client.fetch(path, r, progress=progress)
        print("Remote refs:")
        for item in refs.items():
            print("{} -> {}".format(*item))


class cmd_for_each_ref(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("pattern", type=str, nargs="?")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        for sha, object_type, ref in porcelain.for_each_ref(".", args.pattern):
            print(f"{sha.decode()} {object_type.decode()}\t{ref.decode()}")


class cmd_fsck(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.parse_args(args)
        for obj, msg in porcelain.fsck("."):
            print(f"{obj}: {msg}")


class cmd_log(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "--reverse",
            action="store_true",
            help="Reverse order in which entries are printed",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--name-status",
            action="store_true",
            help="Print name/status for each changed file",
        )
        parser.add_argument("paths", nargs="*", help="Paths to show log for")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        with Repo(".") as repo:
            config = repo.get_config_stack()
            with get_pager(config=config, cmd_name="log") as outstream:
                porcelain.log(
                    repo,
                    paths=args.paths,
                    reverse=args.reverse,
                    name_status=args.name_status,
                    outstream=outstream,
                )


class cmd_diff(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "committish", nargs="*", default=[], help="Commits or refs to compare"
        )
        parser.add_argument("--staged", action="store_true", help="Show staged changes")
        parser.add_argument(
            "--cached",
            action="store_true",
            help="Show staged changes (same as --staged)",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--color",
            choices=["always", "never", "auto"],
            default="auto",
            help="Use colored output (requires pygments)",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--", dest="separator", action="store_true", help=argparse.SUPPRESS
        )
        parser.add_argument("paths", nargs="*", default=[], help="Paths to limit diff")

        # Handle the -- separator for paths
        if "--" in args:
            sep_index = args.index("--")
            parsed_args = parser.parse_args(args[:sep_index])
            parsed_args.paths = args[sep_index + 1 :]
        else:
            parsed_args = parser.parse_args(args)

        args = parsed_args

        # Determine if we should use color
        def _should_use_color():
            if args.color == "always":
                return True
            elif args.color == "never":
                return False
            else:  # auto
                return sys.stdout.isatty()

        def _create_output_stream(outstream):
            """Create output stream, optionally with colorization."""
            if not _should_use_color():
                return outstream.buffer

            from .diff import ColorizedDiffStream

            if not ColorizedDiffStream.is_available():
                if args.color == "always":
                    raise ImportError(
                        "Rich is required for colored output. Install with: pip install 'dulwich[colordiff]'"
                    )
                else:
                    logging.warning(
                        "Rich not available, disabling colored output. Install with: pip install 'dulwich[colordiff]'"
                    )
                    return outstream.buffer

            return ColorizedDiffStream(outstream.buffer)

        with Repo(".") as repo:
            config = repo.get_config_stack()
            with get_pager(config=config, cmd_name="diff") as outstream:
                output_stream = _create_output_stream(outstream)
                if len(args.committish) == 0:
                    # Show diff for working tree or staged changes
                    porcelain.diff(
                        repo,
                        staged=(args.staged or args.cached),
                        paths=args.paths or None,
                        outstream=output_stream,
                    )
                elif len(args.committish) == 1:
                    # Show diff between working tree and specified commit
                    if args.staged or args.cached:
                        parser.error("--staged/--cached cannot be used with commits")
                    porcelain.diff(
                        repo,
                        commit=args.committish[0],
                        staged=False,
                        paths=args.paths or None,
                        outstream=output_stream,
                    )
                elif len(args.committish) == 2:
                    # Show diff between two commits
                    porcelain.diff(
                        repo,
                        commit=args.committish[0],
                        commit2=args.committish[1],
                        paths=args.paths or None,
                        outstream=output_stream,
                    )
                else:
                    parser.error("Too many arguments - specify at most two commits")

                # Flush any remaining output
                if hasattr(output_stream, "flush"):
                    output_stream.flush()


class cmd_dump_pack(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("filename", help="Pack file to dump")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        basename, _ = os.path.splitext(args.filename)
        x = Pack(basename)
        print(f"Object names checksum: {x.name()}")
        print(f"Checksum: {sha_to_hex(x.get_stored_checksum())!r}")
        x.check()
        print(f"Length: {len(x)}")
        for name in x:
            try:
                print(f"\t{x[name]}")
            except KeyError as k:
                print(f"\t{name}: Unable to resolve base {k}")
            except ApplyDeltaError as e:
                print(f"\t{name}: Unable to apply delta: {e!r}")


class cmd_dump_index(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("filename", help="Index file to dump")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        idx = Index(args.filename)

        for o in idx:
            print(o, idx[o])


class cmd_init(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "--bare", action="store_true", help="Create a bare repository"
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "path", nargs="?", default=os.getcwd(), help="Repository path"
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        porcelain.init(args.path, bare=args.bare)


class cmd_clone(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "--bare",
            help="Whether to create a bare repository.",
            action="store_true",
        )
        parser.add_argument("--depth", type=int, help="Depth at which to fetch")
        parser.add_argument(
            "-b",
            "--branch",
            type=str,
            help="Check out branch instead of branch pointed to by remote HEAD",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--refspec",
            type=str,
            help="References to fetch",
            action="append",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--filter",
            dest="filter_spec",
            type=str,
            help="git-rev-list-style object filter",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--protocol",
            type=int,
            help="Git protocol version to use",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--recurse-submodules",
            action="store_true",
            help="Initialize and clone submodules",
        )
        parser.add_argument("source", help="Repository to clone from")
        parser.add_argument("target", nargs="?", help="Directory to clone into")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        try:
            porcelain.clone(
                args.source,
                args.target,
                bare=args.bare,
                depth=args.depth,
                branch=args.branch,
                refspec=args.refspec,
                filter_spec=args.filter_spec,
                protocol_version=args.protocol,
                recurse_submodules=args.recurse_submodules,
            )
        except GitProtocolError as e:
            print(f"{e}")


def _get_commit_message_with_template(initial_message, repo=None, commit=None):
    """Get commit message with an initial message template."""
    # Start with the initial message
    template = initial_message
    if template and not template.endswith(b"\n"):
        template += b"\n"

    template += b"\n"
    template += b"# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting\n"
    template += b"# with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.\n"
    template += b"#\n"

    # Add branch info if repo is provided
    if repo:
        try:
            ref_names, ref_sha = repo.refs.follow(b"HEAD")
            ref_path = ref_names[-1]  # Get the final reference
            if ref_path.startswith(b"refs/heads/"):
                branch = ref_path[11:]  # Remove 'refs/heads/' prefix
            else:
                branch = ref_path
            template += b"# On branch %s\n" % branch
        except (KeyError, IndexError):
            template += b"# On branch (unknown)\n"
        template += b"#\n"

    template += b"# Changes to be committed:\n"

    # Launch editor
    content = launch_editor(template)

    # Remove comment lines and strip
    lines = content.split(b"\n")
    message_lines = [line for line in lines if not line.strip().startswith(b"#")]
    message = b"\n".join(message_lines).strip()

    if not message:
        raise CommitMessageError("Aborting commit due to empty commit message")

    return message


class cmd_commit(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> Optional[int]:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("--message", "-m", help="Commit message")
        parser.add_argument(
            "-a",
            "--all",
            action="store_true",
            help="Automatically stage all tracked files that have been modified",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--amend",
            action="store_true",
            help="Replace the tip of the current branch by creating a new commit",
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        message: Union[bytes, str, Callable]

        if args.message:
            message = args.message
        elif args.amend:
            # For amend, create a callable that opens editor with original message pre-populated
            def get_amend_message(repo, commit):
                # Get the original commit message from current HEAD
                try:
                    head_commit = repo[repo.head()]
                    original_message = head_commit.message
                except KeyError:
                    original_message = b""

                # Open editor with original message
                return _get_commit_message_with_template(original_message, repo, commit)

            message = get_amend_message
        else:
            # For regular commits, use empty template
            def get_regular_message(repo, commit):
                return _get_commit_message_with_template(b"", repo, commit)

            message = get_regular_message

        try:
            porcelain.commit(".", message=message, all=args.all, amend=args.amend)
        except CommitMessageError as e:
            print(f"error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
            return 1
        return None


class cmd_commit_tree(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("--message", "-m", required=True, help="Commit message")
        parser.add_argument("tree", help="Tree SHA to commit")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        porcelain.commit_tree(".", tree=args.tree, message=args.message)


class cmd_update_server_info(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        porcelain.update_server_info(".")


class cmd_symbolic_ref(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("name", help="Symbolic reference name")
        parser.add_argument("ref", nargs="?", help="Target reference")
        parser.add_argument("--force", action="store_true", help="Force update")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        # If ref is provided, we're setting; otherwise we're reading
        if args.ref:
            # Set symbolic reference
            from .repo import Repo

            with Repo(".") as repo:
                repo.refs.set_symbolic_ref(args.name.encode(), args.ref.encode())
        else:
            # Read symbolic reference
            from .repo import Repo

            with Repo(".") as repo:
                try:
                    target = repo.refs.read_ref(args.name.encode())
                    if target.startswith(b"ref: "):
                        print(target[5:].decode())
                    else:
                        print(target.decode())
                except KeyError:
                    print(f"fatal: ref '{args.name}' is not a symbolic ref")


class cmd_pack_refs(Command):
    def run(self, argv) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("--all", action="store_true")
        # ignored, we never prune
        parser.add_argument("--no-prune", action="store_true")

        args = parser.parse_args(argv)

        porcelain.pack_refs(".", all=args.all)


class cmd_show(Command):
    def run(self, argv) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("objectish", type=str, nargs="*")
        args = parser.parse_args(argv)
        with Repo(".") as repo:
            config = repo.get_config_stack()
            with get_pager(config=config, cmd_name="show") as outstream:
                porcelain.show(repo, args.objectish or None, outstream=outstream)


class cmd_diff_tree(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("old_tree", help="Old tree SHA")
        parser.add_argument("new_tree", help="New tree SHA")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        porcelain.diff_tree(".", args.old_tree, args.new_tree)


class cmd_rev_list(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("commits", nargs="+", help="Commit IDs to list")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        porcelain.rev_list(".", args.commits)


class cmd_tag(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "-a",
            "--annotated",
            help="Create an annotated tag.",
            action="store_true",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "-s", "--sign", help="Sign the annotated tag.", action="store_true"
        )
        parser.add_argument("tag_name", help="Name of the tag to create")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        porcelain.tag_create(
            ".", args.tag_name, annotated=args.annotated, sign=args.sign
        )


class cmd_repack(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.parse_args(args)
        porcelain.repack(".")


class cmd_reflog(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "ref", nargs="?", default="HEAD", help="Reference to show reflog for"
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--all", action="store_true", help="Show reflogs for all refs"
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        with Repo(".") as repo:
            config = repo.get_config_stack()
            with get_pager(config=config, cmd_name="reflog") as outstream:
                if args.all:
                    # Show reflogs for all refs
                    for ref_bytes, entry in porcelain.reflog(repo, all=True):
                        ref_str = ref_bytes.decode("utf-8", "replace")
                        short_new = entry.new_sha[:8].decode("ascii")
                        outstream.write(
                            f"{short_new} {ref_str}: {entry.message.decode('utf-8', 'replace')}\n"
                        )
                else:
                    ref = (
                        args.ref.encode("utf-8")
                        if isinstance(args.ref, str)
                        else args.ref
                    )

                    for i, entry in enumerate(porcelain.reflog(repo, ref)):
                        # Format similar to git reflog
                        short_new = entry.new_sha[:8].decode("ascii")
                        outstream.write(
                            f"{short_new} {ref.decode('utf-8', 'replace')}@{{{i}}}: {entry.message.decode('utf-8', 'replace')}\n"
                        )


class cmd_reset(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        mode_group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
        mode_group.add_argument(
            "--hard", action="store_true", help="Reset working tree and index"
        )
        mode_group.add_argument("--soft", action="store_true", help="Reset only HEAD")
        mode_group.add_argument(
            "--mixed", action="store_true", help="Reset HEAD and index"
        )
        parser.add_argument("treeish", nargs="?", help="Commit/tree to reset to")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        if args.hard:
            mode = "hard"
        elif args.soft:
            mode = "soft"
        elif args.mixed:
            mode = "mixed"
        else:
            # Default to mixed behavior
            mode = "mixed"

        # Use the porcelain.reset function for all modes
        porcelain.reset(".", mode=mode, treeish=args.treeish)


class cmd_revert(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "--no-commit",
            "-n",
            action="store_true",
            help="Apply changes but don't create a commit",
        )
        parser.add_argument("-m", "--message", help="Custom commit message")
        parser.add_argument("commits", nargs="+", help="Commits to revert")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        result = porcelain.revert(
            ".", commits=args.commits, no_commit=args.no_commit, message=args.message
        )

        if result and not args.no_commit:
            print(f"[{result.decode('ascii')[:7]}] Revert completed")


class cmd_daemon(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        from dulwich import log_utils

        from .protocol import TCP_GIT_PORT

        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "-l",
            "--listen_address",
            default="localhost",
            help="Binding IP address.",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "-p",
            "--port",
            type=int,
            default=TCP_GIT_PORT,
            help="Binding TCP port.",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "gitdir", nargs="?", default=".", help="Git directory to serve"
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        log_utils.default_logging_config()
        porcelain.daemon(args.gitdir, address=args.listen_address, port=args.port)


class cmd_web_daemon(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        from dulwich import log_utils

        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "-l",
            "--listen_address",
            default="",
            help="Binding IP address.",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "-p",
            "--port",
            type=int,
            default=8000,
            help="Binding TCP port.",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "gitdir", nargs="?", default=".", help="Git directory to serve"
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        log_utils.default_logging_config()
        porcelain.web_daemon(args.gitdir, address=args.listen_address, port=args.port)


class cmd_write_tree(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.parse_args(args)
        sys.stdout.write("{}\n".format(porcelain.write_tree(".").decode()))


class cmd_receive_pack(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("gitdir", nargs="?", default=".", help="Git directory")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        porcelain.receive_pack(args.gitdir)


class cmd_upload_pack(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("gitdir", nargs="?", default=".", help="Git directory")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        porcelain.upload_pack(args.gitdir)


class cmd_status(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("gitdir", nargs="?", default=".", help="Git directory")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        status = porcelain.status(args.gitdir)
        if any(names for (kind, names) in status.staged.items()):
            sys.stdout.write("Changes to be committed:\n\n")
            for kind, names in status.staged.items():
                for name in names:
                    sys.stdout.write(
                        f"\t{kind}: {name.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())}\n"
                    )
            sys.stdout.write("\n")
        if status.unstaged:
            sys.stdout.write("Changes not staged for commit:\n\n")
            for name in status.unstaged:
                sys.stdout.write(f"\t{name.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())}\n")
            sys.stdout.write("\n")
        if status.untracked:
            sys.stdout.write("Untracked files:\n\n")
            for name in status.untracked:
                sys.stdout.write(f"\t{name}\n")
            sys.stdout.write("\n")


class cmd_ls_remote(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "--symref", action="store_true", help="Show symbolic references"
        )
        parser.add_argument("url", help="Remote URL to list references from")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        result = porcelain.ls_remote(args.url)

        if args.symref:
            # Show symrefs first, like git does
            for ref, target in sorted(result.symrefs.items()):
                sys.stdout.write(f"ref: {target.decode()}\t{ref.decode()}\n")

        # Show regular refs
        for ref in sorted(result.refs):
            sys.stdout.write(f"{result.refs[ref].decode()}\t{ref.decode()}\n")


class cmd_ls_tree(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "-r",
            "--recursive",
            action="store_true",
            help="Recursively list tree contents.",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--name-only", action="store_true", help="Only display name."
        )
        parser.add_argument("treeish", nargs="?", help="Tree-ish to list")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        with Repo(".") as repo:
            config = repo.get_config_stack()
            with get_pager(config=config, cmd_name="ls-tree") as outstream:
                porcelain.ls_tree(
                    repo,
                    args.treeish,
                    outstream=outstream,
                    recursive=args.recursive,
                    name_only=args.name_only,
                )


class cmd_pack_objects(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "--stdout", action="store_true", help="Write pack to stdout"
        )
        parser.add_argument("--deltify", action="store_true", help="Create deltas")
        parser.add_argument(
            "--no-reuse-deltas", action="store_true", help="Don't reuse existing deltas"
        )
        parser.add_argument("basename", nargs="?", help="Base name for pack files")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        if not args.stdout and not args.basename:
            parser.error("basename required when not using --stdout")

        object_ids = [line.strip() for line in sys.stdin.readlines()]
        deltify = args.deltify
        reuse_deltas = not args.no_reuse_deltas

        if args.stdout:
            packf = getattr(sys.stdout, "buffer", sys.stdout)
            idxf = None
            close = []
        else:
            packf = open(args.basename + ".pack", "wb")
            idxf = open(args.basename + ".idx", "wb")
            close = [packf, idxf]

        porcelain.pack_objects(
            ".", object_ids, packf, idxf, deltify=deltify, reuse_deltas=reuse_deltas
        )
        for f in close:
            f.close()


class cmd_unpack_objects(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("pack_file", help="Pack file to unpack")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        count = porcelain.unpack_objects(args.pack_file)
        print(f"Unpacked {count} objects")


class cmd_prune(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> Optional[int]:
        import datetime
        import time

        from dulwich.object_store import DEFAULT_TEMPFILE_GRACE_PERIOD

        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
            description="Remove temporary pack files left behind by interrupted operations"
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--expire",
            nargs="?",
            const="2.weeks.ago",
            help="Only prune files older than the specified date (default: 2.weeks.ago)",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--dry-run",
            "-n",
            action="store_true",
            help="Only report what would be removed",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--verbose",
            "-v",
            action="store_true",
            help="Report all actions",
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        # Parse expire grace period
        grace_period = DEFAULT_TEMPFILE_GRACE_PERIOD
        if args.expire:
            try:
                grace_period = parse_relative_time(args.expire)
            except ValueError:
                # Try to parse as absolute date
                try:
                    date = datetime.datetime.strptime(args.expire, "%Y-%m-%d")
                    grace_period = int(time.time() - date.timestamp())
                except ValueError:
                    print(f"Error: Invalid expire date: {args.expire}", file=sys.stderr)
                    return 1

        # Progress callback
        def progress(msg):
            if args.verbose:
                print(msg)

        try:
            porcelain.prune(
                ".",
                grace_period=grace_period,
                dry_run=args.dry_run,
                progress=progress if args.verbose else None,
            )
            return None
        except porcelain.Error as e:
            print(f"Error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
            return 1


class cmd_pull(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("from_location", type=str)
        parser.add_argument("refspec", type=str, nargs="*")
        parser.add_argument("--filter", type=str, nargs=1)
        parser.add_argument("--protocol", type=int)
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        porcelain.pull(
            ".",
            args.from_location or None,
            args.refspec or None,
            filter_spec=args.filter,
            protocol_version=args.protocol or None,
        )


class cmd_push(Command):
    def run(self, argv) -> Optional[int]:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("-f", "--force", action="store_true", help="Force")
        parser.add_argument("to_location", type=str)
        parser.add_argument("refspec", type=str, nargs="*")
        args = parser.parse_args(argv)
        try:
            porcelain.push(
                ".", args.to_location, args.refspec or None, force=args.force
            )
        except porcelain.DivergedBranches:
            sys.stderr.write("Diverged branches; specify --force to override")
            return 1

        return None


class cmd_remote_add(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("name", help="Name of the remote")
        parser.add_argument("url", help="URL of the remote")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        porcelain.remote_add(".", args.name, args.url)


class SuperCommand(Command):
    subcommands: ClassVar[dict[str, type[Command]]] = {}
    default_command: ClassVar[Optional[type[Command]]] = None

    def run(self, args):
        if not args:
            if self.default_command:
                return self.default_command().run(args)
            else:
                print(
                    "Supported subcommands: {}".format(
                        ", ".join(self.subcommands.keys())
                    )
                )
                return False
        cmd = args[0]
        try:
            cmd_kls = self.subcommands[cmd]
        except KeyError:
            print(f"No such subcommand: {args[0]}")
            return False
        return cmd_kls().run(args[1:])


class cmd_remote(SuperCommand):
    subcommands: ClassVar[dict[str, type[Command]]] = {
        "add": cmd_remote_add,
    }


class cmd_submodule_list(Command):
    def run(self, argv) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.parse_args(argv)
        for path, sha in porcelain.submodule_list("."):
            sys.stdout.write(f" {sha} {path}\n")


class cmd_submodule_init(Command):
    def run(self, argv) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.parse_args(argv)
        porcelain.submodule_init(".")


class cmd_submodule_add(Command):
    def run(self, argv) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("url", help="URL of repository to add as submodule")
        parser.add_argument("path", nargs="?", help="Path where submodule should live")
        parser.add_argument("--name", help="Name for the submodule")
        args = parser.parse_args(argv)
        porcelain.submodule_add(".", args.url, args.path, args.name)


class cmd_submodule_update(Command):
    def run(self, argv) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "--init", action="store_true", help="Initialize submodules first"
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--force",
            action="store_true",
            help="Force update even if local changes exist",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "paths", nargs="*", help="Specific submodule paths to update"
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(argv)
        paths = args.paths if args.paths else None
        porcelain.submodule_update(".", paths=paths, init=args.init, force=args.force)


class cmd_submodule(SuperCommand):
    subcommands: ClassVar[dict[str, type[Command]]] = {
        "add": cmd_submodule_add,
        "init": cmd_submodule_init,
        "list": cmd_submodule_list,
        "update": cmd_submodule_update,
    }

    default_command = cmd_submodule_list


class cmd_check_ignore(Command):
    def run(self, args):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("paths", nargs="+", help="Paths to check")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        ret = 1
        for path in porcelain.check_ignore(".", args.paths):
            print(path)
            ret = 0
        return ret


class cmd_check_mailmap(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("identities", nargs="+", help="Identities to check")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        for identity in args.identities:
            canonical_identity = porcelain.check_mailmap(".", identity)
            print(canonical_identity)


class cmd_branch(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> Optional[int]:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "branch",
            type=str,
            help="Name of the branch",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "-d",
            "--delete",
            action="store_true",
            help="Delete branch",
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        if not args.branch:
            print("Usage: dulwich branch [-d] BRANCH_NAME")
            return 1

        if args.delete:
            porcelain.branch_delete(".", name=args.branch)
        else:
            try:
                porcelain.branch_create(".", name=args.branch)
            except porcelain.Error as e:
                sys.stderr.write(f"{e}")
                return 1
        return 0


class cmd_checkout(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> Optional[int]:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "target",
            type=str,
            help="Name of the branch, tag, or commit to checkout",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "-f",
            "--force",
            action="store_true",
            help="Force checkout",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "-b",
            "--new-branch",
            type=str,
            help="Create a new branch at the target and switch to it",
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)
        if not args.target:
            print("Usage: dulwich checkout TARGET [--force] [-b NEW_BRANCH]")
            return 1

        try:
            porcelain.checkout(
                ".", target=args.target, force=args.force, new_branch=args.new_branch
            )
        except porcelain.CheckoutError as e:
            sys.stderr.write(f"{e}\n")
            return 1
        return 0


class cmd_stash_list(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.parse_args(args)
        for i, entry in porcelain.stash_list("."):
            print("stash@{{{}}}: {}".format(i, entry.message.rstrip("\n")))


class cmd_stash_push(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.parse_args(args)
        porcelain.stash_push(".")
        print("Saved working directory and index state")


class cmd_stash_pop(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.parse_args(args)
        porcelain.stash_pop(".")
        print("Restored working directory and index state")


class cmd_bisect(SuperCommand):
    """Git bisect command implementation."""

    subcommands: ClassVar[dict[str, type[Command]]] = {}

    def run(self, args):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog="dulwich bisect")
        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest="subcommand", help="bisect subcommands")

        # bisect start
        start_parser = subparsers.add_parser("start", help="Start a new bisect session")
        start_parser.add_argument("bad", nargs="?", help="Bad commit")
        start_parser.add_argument("good", nargs="*", help="Good commit(s)")
        start_parser.add_argument(
            "--no-checkout",
            action="store_true",
            help="Don't checkout commits during bisect",
        )
        start_parser.add_argument(
            "--term-bad", default="bad", help="Term to use for bad commits"
        )
        start_parser.add_argument(
            "--term-good", default="good", help="Term to use for good commits"
        )
        start_parser.add_argument(
            "--", dest="paths", nargs="*", help="Paths to limit bisect to"
        )

        # bisect bad
        bad_parser = subparsers.add_parser("bad", help="Mark a commit as bad")
        bad_parser.add_argument("rev", nargs="?", help="Commit to mark as bad")

        # bisect good
        good_parser = subparsers.add_parser("good", help="Mark a commit as good")
        good_parser.add_argument("rev", nargs="?", help="Commit to mark as good")

        # bisect skip
        skip_parser = subparsers.add_parser("skip", help="Skip commits")
        skip_parser.add_argument("revs", nargs="*", help="Commits to skip")

        # bisect reset
        reset_parser = subparsers.add_parser("reset", help="Reset bisect state")
        reset_parser.add_argument("commit", nargs="?", help="Commit to reset to")

        # bisect log
        subparsers.add_parser("log", help="Show bisect log")

        # bisect replay
        replay_parser = subparsers.add_parser("replay", help="Replay bisect log")
        replay_parser.add_argument("logfile", help="Log file to replay")

        # bisect help
        subparsers.add_parser("help", help="Show help")

        parsed_args = parser.parse_args(args)

        if not parsed_args.subcommand:
            parser.print_help()
            return 1

        try:
            if parsed_args.subcommand == "start":
                next_sha = porcelain.bisect_start(
                    bad=parsed_args.bad,
                    good=parsed_args.good if parsed_args.good else None,
                    paths=parsed_args.paths,
                    no_checkout=parsed_args.no_checkout,
                    term_bad=parsed_args.term_bad,
                    term_good=parsed_args.term_good,
                )
                if next_sha:
                    print(f"Bisecting: checking out '{next_sha.decode('ascii')}'")

            elif parsed_args.subcommand == "bad":
                next_sha = porcelain.bisect_bad(rev=parsed_args.rev)
                if next_sha:
                    print(f"Bisecting: checking out '{next_sha.decode('ascii')}'")
                else:
                    # Bisect complete - find the first bad commit
                    with porcelain.open_repo_closing(".") as r:
                        bad_ref = os.path.join(r.controldir(), "refs", "bisect", "bad")
                        with open(bad_ref, "rb") as f:
                            bad_sha = f.read().strip()
                        commit = r.object_store[bad_sha]
                        message = commit.message.decode(
                            "utf-8", errors="replace"
                        ).split("\n")[0]
                        print(f"{bad_sha.decode('ascii')} is the first bad commit")
                        print(f"commit {bad_sha.decode('ascii')}")
                        print(f"    {message}")

            elif parsed_args.subcommand == "good":
                next_sha = porcelain.bisect_good(rev=parsed_args.rev)
                if next_sha:
                    print(f"Bisecting: checking out '{next_sha.decode('ascii')}'")

            elif parsed_args.subcommand == "skip":
                next_sha = porcelain.bisect_skip(
                    revs=parsed_args.revs if parsed_args.revs else None
                )
                if next_sha:
                    print(f"Bisecting: checking out '{next_sha.decode('ascii')}'")

            elif parsed_args.subcommand == "reset":
                porcelain.bisect_reset(commit=parsed_args.commit)
                print("Bisect reset")

            elif parsed_args.subcommand == "log":
                log = porcelain.bisect_log()
                print(log, end="")

            elif parsed_args.subcommand == "replay":
                porcelain.bisect_replay(log_file=parsed_args.logfile)
                print(f"Replayed bisect log from {parsed_args.logfile}")

            elif parsed_args.subcommand == "help":
                parser.print_help()

        except porcelain.Error as e:
            print(f"Error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
            return 1
        except ValueError as e:
            print(f"Error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
            return 1

        return 0


class cmd_stash(SuperCommand):
    subcommands: ClassVar[dict[str, type[Command]]] = {
        "list": cmd_stash_list,
        "pop": cmd_stash_pop,
        "push": cmd_stash_push,
    }


class cmd_ls_files(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.parse_args(args)
        for name in porcelain.ls_files("."):
            print(name)


class cmd_describe(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.parse_args(args)
        print(porcelain.describe("."))


class cmd_merge(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> Optional[int]:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("commit", type=str, help="Commit to merge")
        parser.add_argument(
            "--no-commit", action="store_true", help="Do not create a merge commit"
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--no-ff", action="store_true", help="Force create a merge commit"
        )
        parser.add_argument("-m", "--message", type=str, help="Merge commit message")
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        try:
            merge_commit_id, conflicts = porcelain.merge(
                ".",
                args.commit,
                no_commit=args.no_commit,
                no_ff=args.no_ff,
                message=args.message,
            )

            if conflicts:
                print(f"Merge conflicts in {len(conflicts)} file(s):")
                for conflict_path in conflicts:
                    print(f"  {conflict_path.decode()}")
                print(
                    "\nAutomatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result."
                )
                return 1
            elif merge_commit_id is None and not args.no_commit:
                print("Already up to date.")
            elif args.no_commit:
                print("Automatic merge successful; not committing as requested.")
            else:
                print(
                    f"Merge successful. Created merge commit {merge_commit_id.decode()}"
                )
            return 0
        except porcelain.Error as e:
            print(f"Error: {e}")
            return 1


class cmd_notes_add(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("object", help="Object to annotate")
        parser.add_argument("-m", "--message", help="Note message", required=True)
        parser.add_argument(
            "--ref", default="commits", help="Notes ref (default: commits)"
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        porcelain.notes_add(".", args.object, args.message, ref=args.ref)


class cmd_notes_show(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("object", help="Object to show notes for")
        parser.add_argument(
            "--ref", default="commits", help="Notes ref (default: commits)"
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        note = porcelain.notes_show(".", args.object, ref=args.ref)
        if note:
            sys.stdout.buffer.write(note)
        else:
            print(f"No notes found for object {args.object}")


class cmd_notes_remove(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("object", help="Object to remove notes from")
        parser.add_argument(
            "--ref", default="commits", help="Notes ref (default: commits)"
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        result = porcelain.notes_remove(".", args.object, ref=args.ref)
        if result:
            print(f"Removed notes for object {args.object}")
        else:
            print(f"No notes found for object {args.object}")


class cmd_notes_list(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "--ref", default="commits", help="Notes ref (default: commits)"
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        notes = porcelain.notes_list(".", ref=args.ref)
        for object_sha, note_content in notes:
            print(f"{object_sha.hex()}")


class cmd_notes(SuperCommand):
    subcommands: ClassVar[dict[str, type[Command]]] = {
        "add": cmd_notes_add,
        "show": cmd_notes_show,
        "remove": cmd_notes_remove,
        "list": cmd_notes_list,
    }

    default_command = cmd_notes_list


class cmd_cherry_pick(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> Optional[int]:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
            description="Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits"
        )
        parser.add_argument("commit", nargs="?", help="Commit to cherry-pick")
        parser.add_argument(
            "-n",
            "--no-commit",
            action="store_true",
            help="Apply changes without making a commit",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--continue",
            dest="continue_",
            action="store_true",
            help="Continue after resolving conflicts",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--abort",
            action="store_true",
            help="Abort the current cherry-pick operation",
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        # Check argument validity
        if args.continue_ or args.abort:
            if args.commit is not None:
                parser.error("Cannot specify commit with --continue or --abort")
                return 1
        else:
            if args.commit is None:
                parser.error("Commit argument is required")
                return 1

        try:
            commit_arg = args.commit

            result = porcelain.cherry_pick(
                ".",
                commit_arg,
                no_commit=args.no_commit,
                continue_=args.continue_,
                abort=args.abort,
            )

            if args.abort:
                print("Cherry-pick aborted.")
            elif args.continue_:
                if result:
                    print(f"Cherry-pick completed: {result.decode()}")
                else:
                    print("Cherry-pick completed.")
            elif result is None:
                if args.no_commit:
                    print("Cherry-pick applied successfully (no commit created).")
                else:
                    # This shouldn't happen unless there were conflicts
                    print("Cherry-pick resulted in conflicts.")
            else:
                print(f"Cherry-pick successful: {result.decode()}")

            return None
        except porcelain.Error as e:
            print(f"Error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
            return 1


class cmd_merge_tree(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> Optional[int]:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
            description="Perform a tree-level merge without touching the working directory"
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "base_tree",
            nargs="?",
            help="The common ancestor tree (optional, defaults to empty tree)",
        )
        parser.add_argument("our_tree", help="Our side of the merge")
        parser.add_argument("their_tree", help="Their side of the merge")
        parser.add_argument(
            "-z",
            "--name-only",
            action="store_true",
            help="Output only conflict paths, null-terminated",
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        try:
            # Determine base tree - if only two args provided, base is None
            if args.base_tree is None:
                # Only two arguments provided
                base_tree = None
                our_tree = args.our_tree
                their_tree = args.their_tree
            else:
                # Three arguments provided
                base_tree = args.base_tree
                our_tree = args.our_tree
                their_tree = args.their_tree

            merged_tree_id, conflicts = porcelain.merge_tree(
                ".", base_tree, our_tree, their_tree
            )

            if args.name_only:
                # Output only conflict paths, null-terminated
                for conflict_path in conflicts:
                    sys.stdout.buffer.write(conflict_path)
                    sys.stdout.buffer.write(b"\0")
            else:
                # Output the merged tree SHA
                print(merged_tree_id.decode("ascii"))

                # Output conflict information
                if conflicts:
                    print(f"\nConflicts in {len(conflicts)} file(s):")
                    for conflict_path in conflicts:
                        print(f"  {conflict_path.decode()}")

            return None

        except porcelain.Error as e:
            print(f"Error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
            return 1
        except KeyError as e:
            print(f"Error: Object not found: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
            return 1


class cmd_gc(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> Optional[int]:
        import datetime
        import time

        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "--auto",
            action="store_true",
            help="Only run gc if needed",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--aggressive",
            action="store_true",
            help="Use more aggressive settings",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--no-prune",
            action="store_true",
            help="Do not prune unreachable objects",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--prune",
            nargs="?",
            const="now",
            help="Prune unreachable objects older than date (default: 2 weeks ago)",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--dry-run",
            "-n",
            action="store_true",
            help="Only report what would be done",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--quiet",
            "-q",
            action="store_true",
            help="Only report errors",
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        # Parse prune grace period
        grace_period = None
        if args.prune:
            try:
                grace_period = parse_relative_time(args.prune)
            except ValueError:
                # Try to parse as absolute date
                try:
                    date = datetime.datetime.strptime(args.prune, "%Y-%m-%d")
                    grace_period = int(time.time() - date.timestamp())
                except ValueError:
                    print(f"Error: Invalid prune date: {args.prune}")
                    return 1
        elif not args.no_prune:
            # Default to 2 weeks
            grace_period = 1209600

        # Progress callback
        def progress(msg):
            if not args.quiet:
                print(msg)

        try:
            stats = porcelain.gc(
                ".",
                auto=args.auto,
                aggressive=args.aggressive,
                prune=not args.no_prune,
                grace_period=grace_period,
                dry_run=args.dry_run,
                progress=progress if not args.quiet else None,
            )

            # Report results
            if not args.quiet:
                if args.dry_run:
                    print("\nDry run results:")
                else:
                    print("\nGarbage collection complete:")

                if stats.pruned_objects:
                    print(f"  Pruned {len(stats.pruned_objects)} unreachable objects")
                    print(f"  Freed {format_bytes(stats.bytes_freed)}")

                if stats.packs_before != stats.packs_after:
                    print(
                        f"  Reduced pack files from {stats.packs_before} to {stats.packs_after}"
                    )

        except porcelain.Error as e:
            print(f"Error: {e}")
            return 1
        return None


class cmd_count_objects(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "-v",
            "--verbose",
            action="store_true",
            help="Display verbose information.",
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        if args.verbose:
            stats = porcelain.count_objects(".", verbose=True)
            # Display verbose output
            print(f"count: {stats.count}")
            print(f"size: {stats.size // 1024}")  # Size in KiB
            assert stats.in_pack is not None
            print(f"in-pack: {stats.in_pack}")
            assert stats.packs is not None
            print(f"packs: {stats.packs}")
            assert stats.size_pack is not None
            print(f"size-pack: {stats.size_pack // 1024}")  # Size in KiB
        else:
            # Simple output
            stats = porcelain.count_objects(".", verbose=False)
            print(f"{stats.count} objects, {stats.size // 1024} kilobytes")


class cmd_rebase(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> int:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "upstream", nargs="?", help="Upstream branch to rebase onto"
        )
        parser.add_argument("--onto", type=str, help="Rebase onto specific commit")
        parser.add_argument(
            "--branch", type=str, help="Branch to rebase (default: current)"
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--abort", action="store_true", help="Abort an in-progress rebase"
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--continue",
            dest="continue_rebase",
            action="store_true",
            help="Continue an in-progress rebase",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--skip", action="store_true", help="Skip current commit and continue"
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        # Handle abort/continue/skip first
        if args.abort:
            try:
                porcelain.rebase(".", args.upstream or "HEAD", abort=True)
                print("Rebase aborted.")
            except porcelain.Error as e:
                print(f"Error: {e}")
                return 1
            return 0

        if args.continue_rebase:
            try:
                new_shas = porcelain.rebase(
                    ".", args.upstream or "HEAD", continue_rebase=True
                )
                print("Rebase complete.")
            except porcelain.Error as e:
                print(f"Error: {e}")
                return 1
            return 0

        # Normal rebase requires upstream
        if not args.upstream:
            print("Error: Missing required argument 'upstream'")
            return 1

        try:
            new_shas = porcelain.rebase(
                ".",
                args.upstream,
                onto=args.onto,
                branch=args.branch,
            )

            if new_shas:
                print(f"Successfully rebased {len(new_shas)} commits.")
            else:
                print("Already up to date.")
            return 0

        except porcelain.Error as e:
            print(f"Error: {e}")
            return 1


class cmd_filter_branch(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> Optional[int]:
        import subprocess

        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Rewrite branches")

        # Supported Git-compatible options
        parser.add_argument(
            "--subdirectory-filter",
            type=str,
            help="Only include history for subdirectory",
        )
        parser.add_argument("--env-filter", type=str, help="Environment filter command")
        parser.add_argument("--tree-filter", type=str, help="Tree filter command")
        parser.add_argument("--index-filter", type=str, help="Index filter command")
        parser.add_argument("--parent-filter", type=str, help="Parent filter command")
        parser.add_argument("--msg-filter", type=str, help="Message filter command")
        parser.add_argument("--commit-filter", type=str, help="Commit filter command")
        parser.add_argument(
            "--tag-name-filter", type=str, help="Tag name filter command"
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--prune-empty", action="store_true", help="Remove empty commits"
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--original",
            type=str,
            default="refs/original",
            help="Namespace for original refs",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "-f",
            "--force",
            action="store_true",
            help="Force operation even if refs/original/* exists",
        )

        # Branch/ref to rewrite (defaults to HEAD)
        parser.add_argument(
            "branch", nargs="?", default="HEAD", help="Branch or ref to rewrite"
        )

        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        # Track if any filter fails
        filter_error = False

        # Setup environment for filters
        env = os.environ.copy()

        # Helper function to run shell commands
        def run_filter(cmd, input_data=None, cwd=None, extra_env=None):
            nonlocal filter_error
            filter_env = env.copy()
            if extra_env:
                filter_env.update(extra_env)
            result = subprocess.run(
                cmd,
                shell=True,
                input=input_data,
                cwd=cwd,
                env=filter_env,
                capture_output=True,
            )
            if result.returncode != 0:
                filter_error = True
                return None
            return result.stdout

        # Create filter functions based on arguments
        filter_message = None
        if args.msg_filter:

            def filter_message(message):
                result = run_filter(args.msg_filter, input_data=message)
                return result if result is not None else message

        tree_filter = None
        if args.tree_filter:

            def tree_filter(tree_sha, tmpdir):
                from dulwich.objects import Blob, Tree

                # Export tree to tmpdir
                with Repo(".") as r:
                    tree = r.object_store[tree_sha]
                    for entry in tree.items():
                        path = Path(tmpdir) / entry.path.decode()
                        if entry.mode & 0o040000:  # Directory
                            path.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
                        else:
                            obj = r.object_store[entry.sha]
                            path.write_bytes(obj.data)

                    # Run the filter command in the temp directory
                    run_filter(args.tree_filter, cwd=tmpdir)

                    # Rebuild tree from modified temp directory
                    def build_tree_from_dir(dir_path):
                        tree = Tree()
                        for name in sorted(os.listdir(dir_path)):
                            if name.startswith("."):
                                continue
                            path = os.path.join(dir_path, name)
                            if os.path.isdir(path):
                                subtree_sha = build_tree_from_dir(path)
                                tree.add(name.encode(), 0o040000, subtree_sha)
                            else:
                                with open(path, "rb") as f:
                                    data = f.read()
                                blob = Blob.from_string(data)
                                r.object_store.add_object(blob)
                                # Use appropriate file mode
                                mode = os.stat(path).st_mode
                                if mode & 0o100:
                                    file_mode = 0o100755
                                else:
                                    file_mode = 0o100644
                                tree.add(name.encode(), file_mode, blob.id)
                        r.object_store.add_object(tree)
                        return tree.id

                    return build_tree_from_dir(tmpdir)

        index_filter = None
        if args.index_filter:

            def index_filter(tree_sha, index_path):
                run_filter(args.index_filter, extra_env={"GIT_INDEX_FILE": index_path})
                return None  # Read back from index

        parent_filter = None
        if args.parent_filter:

            def parent_filter(parents):
                parent_str = " ".join(p.hex() for p in parents)
                result = run_filter(args.parent_filter, input_data=parent_str.encode())
                if result is None:
                    return parents

                output = result.decode().strip()
                if not output:
                    return []
                new_parents = []
                for sha in output.split():
                    if valid_hexsha(sha):
                        new_parents.append(sha)
                return new_parents

        commit_filter = None
        if args.commit_filter:

            def commit_filter(commit_obj, tree_sha):
                # The filter receives: tree parent1 parent2...
                cmd_input = tree_sha.hex()
                for parent in commit_obj.parents:
                    cmd_input += " " + parent.hex()

                result = run_filter(
                    args.commit_filter,
                    input_data=cmd_input.encode(),
                    extra_env={"GIT_COMMIT": commit_obj.id.hex()},
                )
                if result is None:
                    return None

                output = result.decode().strip()
                if not output:
                    return None  # Skip commit

                if valid_hexsha(output):
                    return output
                return None

        tag_name_filter = None
        if args.tag_name_filter:

            def tag_name_filter(tag_name):
                result = run_filter(args.tag_name_filter, input_data=tag_name)
                return result.strip() if result is not None else tag_name

        # Open repo once
        with Repo(".") as r:
            # Check for refs/original if not forcing
            if not args.force:
                original_prefix = args.original.encode() + b"/"
                for ref in r.refs.allkeys():
                    if ref.startswith(original_prefix):
                        print("Cannot create a new backup.")
                        print(f"A previous backup already exists in {args.original}/")
                        print("Force overwriting the backup with -f")
                        return 1

            try:
                # Call porcelain.filter_branch with the repo object
                result = porcelain.filter_branch(
                    r,
                    args.branch,
                    filter_message=filter_message,
                    tree_filter=tree_filter if args.tree_filter else None,
                    index_filter=index_filter if args.index_filter else None,
                    parent_filter=parent_filter if args.parent_filter else None,
                    commit_filter=commit_filter if args.commit_filter else None,
                    subdirectory_filter=args.subdirectory_filter,
                    prune_empty=args.prune_empty,
                    tag_name_filter=tag_name_filter if args.tag_name_filter else None,
                    force=args.force,
                    keep_original=True,  # Always keep original with git
                )

                # Check if any filter failed
                if filter_error:
                    print("Error: Filter command failed", file=sys.stderr)
                    return 1

                # Git filter-branch shows progress
                if result:
                    print(f"Rewrite {args.branch} ({len(result)} commits)")
                    # Git shows: Ref 'refs/heads/branch' was rewritten
                    if args.branch != "HEAD":
                        ref_name = (
                            args.branch
                            if args.branch.startswith("refs/")
                            else f"refs/heads/{args.branch}"
                        )
                        print(f"Ref '{ref_name}' was rewritten")

                return 0

            except porcelain.Error as e:
                print(f"Error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
                return 1


class cmd_lfs(Command):
    """Git LFS management commands."""

    def run(self, argv) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog="dulwich lfs")
        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest="subcommand", help="LFS subcommands")

        # lfs init
        subparsers.add_parser("init", help="Initialize Git LFS")

        # lfs track
        parser_track = subparsers.add_parser(
            "track", help="Track file patterns with LFS"
        )
        parser_track.add_argument("patterns", nargs="*", help="File patterns to track")

        # lfs untrack
        parser_untrack = subparsers.add_parser(
            "untrack", help="Untrack file patterns from LFS"
        )
        parser_untrack.add_argument(
            "patterns", nargs="+", help="File patterns to untrack"
        )

        # lfs ls-files
        parser_ls = subparsers.add_parser("ls-files", help="List LFS files")
        parser_ls.add_argument("--ref", help="Git ref to check (defaults to HEAD)")

        # lfs migrate
        parser_migrate = subparsers.add_parser("migrate", help="Migrate files to LFS")
        parser_migrate.add_argument("--include", nargs="+", help="Patterns to include")
        parser_migrate.add_argument("--exclude", nargs="+", help="Patterns to exclude")
        parser_migrate.add_argument(
            "--everything", action="store_true", help="Migrate all files above 100MB"
        )

        # lfs pointer
        parser_pointer = subparsers.add_parser("pointer", help="Check LFS pointers")
        parser_pointer.add_argument(
            "--check", nargs="*", dest="paths", help="Check if files are LFS pointers"
        )

        # lfs clean
        parser_clean = subparsers.add_parser("clean", help="Clean file to LFS pointer")
        parser_clean.add_argument("path", help="File path to clean")

        # lfs smudge
        parser_smudge = subparsers.add_parser(
            "smudge", help="Smudge LFS pointer to content"
        )
        parser_smudge.add_argument(
            "--stdin", action="store_true", help="Read pointer from stdin"
        )

        # lfs fetch
        parser_fetch = subparsers.add_parser(
            "fetch", help="Fetch LFS objects from remote"
        )
        parser_fetch.add_argument(
            "--remote", default="origin", help="Remote to fetch from"
        )
        parser_fetch.add_argument("refs", nargs="*", help="Specific refs to fetch")

        # lfs pull
        parser_pull = subparsers.add_parser(
            "pull", help="Pull LFS objects for current checkout"
        )
        parser_pull.add_argument(
            "--remote", default="origin", help="Remote to pull from"
        )

        # lfs push
        parser_push = subparsers.add_parser("push", help="Push LFS objects to remote")
        parser_push.add_argument("--remote", default="origin", help="Remote to push to")
        parser_push.add_argument("refs", nargs="*", help="Specific refs to push")

        # lfs status
        subparsers.add_parser("status", help="Show status of LFS files")

        args = parser.parse_args(argv)

        if args.subcommand == "init":
            porcelain.lfs_init()
            print("Git LFS initialized.")

        elif args.subcommand == "track":
            if args.patterns:
                tracked = porcelain.lfs_track(patterns=args.patterns)
                print("Tracking patterns:")
            else:
                tracked = porcelain.lfs_track()
                print("Currently tracked patterns:")
            for pattern in tracked:
                print(f"  {pattern}")

        elif args.subcommand == "untrack":
            tracked = porcelain.lfs_untrack(patterns=args.patterns)
            print("Remaining tracked patterns:")
            for pattern in tracked:
                print(f"  {pattern}")

        elif args.subcommand == "ls-files":
            files = porcelain.lfs_ls_files(ref=args.ref)
            for path, oid, size in files:
                print(f"{oid[:12]} * {path} ({format_bytes(size)})")

        elif args.subcommand == "migrate":
            count = porcelain.lfs_migrate(
                include=args.include, exclude=args.exclude, everything=args.everything
            )
            print(f"Migrated {count} file(s) to Git LFS.")

        elif args.subcommand == "pointer":
            if args.paths is not None:
                results = porcelain.lfs_pointer_check(paths=args.paths or None)
                for path, pointer in results.items():
                    if pointer:
                        print(
                            f"{path}: LFS pointer (oid: {pointer.oid[:12]}, size: {format_bytes(pointer.size)})"
                        )
                    else:
                        print(f"{path}: Not an LFS pointer")

        elif args.subcommand == "clean":
            pointer = porcelain.lfs_clean(path=args.path)
            sys.stdout.buffer.write(pointer)

        elif args.subcommand == "smudge":
            if args.stdin:
                pointer_content = sys.stdin.buffer.read()
                content = porcelain.lfs_smudge(pointer_content=pointer_content)
                sys.stdout.buffer.write(content)
            else:
                print("Error: --stdin required for smudge command")
                sys.exit(1)

        elif args.subcommand == "fetch":
            refs = args.refs or None
            count = porcelain.lfs_fetch(remote=args.remote, refs=refs)
            print(f"Fetched {count} LFS object(s).")

        elif args.subcommand == "pull":
            count = porcelain.lfs_pull(remote=args.remote)
            print(f"Pulled {count} LFS object(s).")

        elif args.subcommand == "push":
            refs = args.refs or None
            count = porcelain.lfs_push(remote=args.remote, refs=refs)
            print(f"Pushed {count} LFS object(s).")

        elif args.subcommand == "status":
            status = porcelain.lfs_status()

            if status["tracked"]:
                print(f"LFS tracked files: {len(status['tracked'])}")

            if status["missing"]:
                print("\nMissing LFS objects:")
                for path in status["missing"]:
                    print(f"  {path}")

            if status["not_staged"]:
                print("\nModified LFS files not staged:")
                for path in status["not_staged"]:
                    print(f"  {path}")

            if not any(status.values()):
                print("No LFS files found.")

        else:
            parser.print_help()
            sys.exit(1)


class cmd_help(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "-a",
            "--all",
            action="store_true",
            help="List all commands.",
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        if args.all:
            print("Available commands:")
            for cmd in sorted(commands):
                print(f"  {cmd}")
        else:
            print(
                """\
The dulwich command line tool is currently a very basic frontend for the
Dulwich python module. For full functionality, please see the API reference.

For a list of supported commands, see 'dulwich help -a'.
"""
            )


class cmd_format_patch(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> None:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(
            "committish",
            nargs="?",
            help="Commit or commit range (e.g., HEAD~3..HEAD or origin/master..HEAD)",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "-n",
            "--numbered",
            type=int,
            default=1,
            help="Number of commits to format (default: 1)",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "-o",
            "--output-directory",
            dest="outdir",
            help="Output directory for patches",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--stdout",
            action="store_true",
            help="Output patches to stdout",
        )
        args = parser.parse_args(args)

        # Parse committish using the new function
        committish = None
        if args.committish:
            with Repo(".") as r:
                range_result = parse_commit_range(r, args.committish)
                if range_result:
                    committish = range_result
                else:
                    committish = args.committish

        filenames = porcelain.format_patch(
            ".",
            committish=committish,
            outstream=sys.stdout,
            outdir=args.outdir,
            n=args.numbered,
            stdout=args.stdout,
        )

        if not args.stdout:
            for filename in filenames:
                print(filename)


class cmd_bundle(Command):
    def run(self, args) -> int:
        if not args:
            print("Usage: bundle <create|verify|list-heads|unbundle> <options>")
            return 1

        subcommand = args[0]
        subargs = args[1:]

        if subcommand == "create":
            return self._create(subargs)
        elif subcommand == "verify":
            return self._verify(subargs)
        elif subcommand == "list-heads":
            return self._list_heads(subargs)
        elif subcommand == "unbundle":
            return self._unbundle(subargs)
        else:
            print(f"Unknown bundle subcommand: {subcommand}")
            return 1

    def _create(self, args) -> int:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog="bundle create")
        parser.add_argument(
            "-q", "--quiet", action="store_true", help="Suppress progress"
        )
        parser.add_argument("--progress", action="store_true", help="Show progress")
        parser.add_argument(
            "--version", type=int, choices=[2, 3], help="Bundle version"
        )
        parser.add_argument("--all", action="store_true", help="Include all refs")
        parser.add_argument("--stdin", action="store_true", help="Read refs from stdin")
        parser.add_argument("file", help="Output bundle file (use - for stdout)")
        parser.add_argument("refs", nargs="*", help="References or rev-list args")

        parsed_args = parser.parse_args(args)

        repo = Repo(".")

        progress = None
        if parsed_args.progress and not parsed_args.quiet:

            def progress(msg: str) -> None:
                print(msg, file=sys.stderr)

        refs_to_include = []
        prerequisites = []

        if parsed_args.all:
            refs_to_include = list(repo.refs.keys())
        elif parsed_args.stdin:
            for line in sys.stdin:
                ref = line.strip().encode("utf-8")
                if ref:
                    refs_to_include.append(ref)
        elif parsed_args.refs:
            for ref_arg in parsed_args.refs:
                if ".." in ref_arg:
                    range_result = parse_commit_range(repo, ref_arg)
                    if range_result:
                        start_commit, end_commit = range_result
                        prerequisites.append(start_commit.id)
                        # For ranges like A..B, we need to include B if it's a ref
                        # Split the range to get the end part
                        end_part = ref_arg.split("..")[1]
                        if end_part:  # Not empty (not "A..")
                            end_ref = end_part.encode("utf-8")
                            if end_ref in repo.refs:
                                refs_to_include.append(end_ref)
                    else:
                        sha = repo.refs[ref_arg.encode("utf-8")]
                        refs_to_include.append(ref_arg.encode("utf-8"))
                else:
                    if ref_arg.startswith("^"):
                        sha = repo.refs[ref_arg[1:].encode("utf-8")]
                        prerequisites.append(sha)
                    else:
                        sha = repo.refs[ref_arg.encode("utf-8")]
                        refs_to_include.append(ref_arg.encode("utf-8"))
        else:
            print("No refs specified. Use --all, --stdin, or specify refs")
            return 1

        if not refs_to_include:
            print("fatal: Refusing to create empty bundle.")
            return 1

        bundle = create_bundle_from_repo(
            repo,
            refs=refs_to_include,
            prerequisites=prerequisites,
            version=parsed_args.version,
            progress=progress,
        )

        if parsed_args.file == "-":
            write_bundle(sys.stdout.buffer, bundle)
        else:
            with open(parsed_args.file, "wb") as f:
                write_bundle(f, bundle)

        return 0

    def _verify(self, args) -> int:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog="bundle verify")
        parser.add_argument(
            "-q", "--quiet", action="store_true", help="Suppress output"
        )
        parser.add_argument("file", help="Bundle file to verify (use - for stdin)")

        parsed_args = parser.parse_args(args)

        repo = Repo(".")

        def verify_bundle(bundle):
            missing_prereqs = []
            for prereq_sha, comment in bundle.prerequisites:
                try:
                    repo.object_store[prereq_sha]
                except KeyError:
                    missing_prereqs.append(prereq_sha)

            if missing_prereqs:
                if not parsed_args.quiet:
                    print("The bundle requires these prerequisite commits:")
                    for sha in missing_prereqs:
                        print(f"  {sha.decode()}")
                return 1
            else:
                if not parsed_args.quiet:
                    print(
                        "The bundle is valid and can be applied to the current repository"
                    )
                return 0

        if parsed_args.file == "-":
            bundle = read_bundle(sys.stdin.buffer)
            return verify_bundle(bundle)
        else:
            with open(parsed_args.file, "rb") as f:
                bundle = read_bundle(f)
                return verify_bundle(bundle)

    def _list_heads(self, args) -> int:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog="bundle list-heads")
        parser.add_argument("file", help="Bundle file (use - for stdin)")
        parser.add_argument("refnames", nargs="*", help="Only show these refs")

        parsed_args = parser.parse_args(args)

        def list_heads(bundle):
            for ref, sha in bundle.references.items():
                if not parsed_args.refnames or ref.decode() in parsed_args.refnames:
                    print(f"{sha.decode()} {ref.decode()}")

        if parsed_args.file == "-":
            bundle = read_bundle(sys.stdin.buffer)
            list_heads(bundle)
        else:
            with open(parsed_args.file, "rb") as f:
                bundle = read_bundle(f)
                list_heads(bundle)

        return 0

    def _unbundle(self, args) -> int:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog="bundle unbundle")
        parser.add_argument("--progress", action="store_true", help="Show progress")
        parser.add_argument("file", help="Bundle file (use - for stdin)")
        parser.add_argument("refnames", nargs="*", help="Only unbundle these refs")

        parsed_args = parser.parse_args(args)

        repo = Repo(".")

        progress = None
        if parsed_args.progress:

            def progress(msg: str) -> None:
                print(msg, file=sys.stderr)

        if parsed_args.file == "-":
            bundle = read_bundle(sys.stdin.buffer)
            # Process the bundle while file is still available via stdin
            bundle.store_objects(repo.object_store, progress=progress)
        else:
            # Keep the file open during bundle processing
            with open(parsed_args.file, "rb") as f:
                bundle = read_bundle(f)
                # Process pack data while file is still open
                bundle.store_objects(repo.object_store, progress=progress)

        for ref, sha in bundle.references.items():
            if not parsed_args.refnames or ref.decode() in parsed_args.refnames:
                print(ref.decode())

        return 0


commands = {
    "add": cmd_add,
    "annotate": cmd_annotate,
    "archive": cmd_archive,
    "bisect": cmd_bisect,
    "blame": cmd_blame,
    "branch": cmd_branch,
    "bundle": cmd_bundle,
    "check-ignore": cmd_check_ignore,
    "check-mailmap": cmd_check_mailmap,
    "checkout": cmd_checkout,
    "cherry-pick": cmd_cherry_pick,
    "clone": cmd_clone,
    "commit": cmd_commit,
    "commit-tree": cmd_commit_tree,
    "count-objects": cmd_count_objects,
    "describe": cmd_describe,
    "daemon": cmd_daemon,
    "diff": cmd_diff,
    "diff-tree": cmd_diff_tree,
    "dump-pack": cmd_dump_pack,
    "dump-index": cmd_dump_index,
    "fetch-pack": cmd_fetch_pack,
    "fetch": cmd_fetch,
    "filter-branch": cmd_filter_branch,
    "for-each-ref": cmd_for_each_ref,
    "format-patch": cmd_format_patch,
    "fsck": cmd_fsck,
    "gc": cmd_gc,
    "help": cmd_help,
    "init": cmd_init,
    "lfs": cmd_lfs,
    "log": cmd_log,
    "ls-files": cmd_ls_files,
    "ls-remote": cmd_ls_remote,
    "ls-tree": cmd_ls_tree,
    "merge": cmd_merge,
    "merge-tree": cmd_merge_tree,
    "notes": cmd_notes,
    "pack-objects": cmd_pack_objects,
    "pack-refs": cmd_pack_refs,
    "prune": cmd_prune,
    "pull": cmd_pull,
    "push": cmd_push,
    "rebase": cmd_rebase,
    "receive-pack": cmd_receive_pack,
    "reflog": cmd_reflog,
    "remote": cmd_remote,
    "repack": cmd_repack,
    "reset": cmd_reset,
    "revert": cmd_revert,
    "rev-list": cmd_rev_list,
    "rm": cmd_rm,
    "mv": cmd_mv,
    "show": cmd_show,
    "stash": cmd_stash,
    "status": cmd_status,
    "symbolic-ref": cmd_symbolic_ref,
    "submodule": cmd_submodule,
    "tag": cmd_tag,
    "unpack-objects": cmd_unpack_objects,
    "update-server-info": cmd_update_server_info,
    "upload-pack": cmd_upload_pack,
    "web-daemon": cmd_web_daemon,
    "write-tree": cmd_write_tree,
}


def main(argv=None) -> Optional[int]:
    if argv is None:
        argv = sys.argv[1:]

    # Parse only the global options and command, stop at first positional
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        prog="dulwich",
        description="Simple command-line interface to Dulwich",
        add_help=False,  # We'll handle help ourselves
    )
    parser.add_argument("--no-pager", action="store_true", help="Disable pager")
    parser.add_argument("--pager", action="store_true", help="Force enable pager")
    parser.add_argument("--help", "-h", action="store_true", help="Show help")

    # Parse known args to separate global options from command args
    global_args, remaining = parser.parse_known_args(argv)

    # Apply global pager settings
    if global_args.no_pager:
        disable_pager()
    elif global_args.pager:
        enable_pager()

    # Handle help
    if global_args.help or not remaining:
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
            prog="dulwich", description="Simple command-line interface to Dulwich"
        )
        parser.add_argument("--no-pager", action="store_true", help="Disable pager")
        parser.add_argument("--pager", action="store_true", help="Force enable pager")
        parser.add_argument(
            "command",
            nargs="?",
            help=f"Command to run. Available: {', '.join(sorted(commands.keys()))}",
        )
        parser.print_help()
        return 1

    # First remaining arg is the command
    cmd = remaining[0]
    cmd_args = remaining[1:]

    try:
        cmd_kls = commands[cmd]
    except KeyError:
        print(f"No such subcommand: {cmd}")
        return 1
    # TODO(jelmer): Return non-0 on errors
    return cmd_kls().run(cmd_args)


def _main() -> None:
    if "DULWICH_PDB" in os.environ and getattr(signal, "SIGQUIT", None):
        signal.signal(signal.SIGQUIT, signal_quit)  # type: ignore
    signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal_int)

    sys.exit(main())


if __name__ == "__main__":
    _main()